diff --git a/bottle.py b/bottle.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff74d5c --- /dev/null +++ b/bottle.py @@ -0,0 +1,4346 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It +offers request dispatching (Routes) with URL parameter support, templates, +a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and +template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the +Python Standard Library. + +Homepage and documentation: http://bottlepy.org/ + +Copyright (c) 2015, Marcel Hellkamp. +License: MIT (see LICENSE for details) +""" + +import sys + +__author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp' +__version__ = '0.13-dev' +__license__ = 'MIT' + +############################################################################### +# Command-line interface ###################################################### +############################################################################### +# INFO: Some server adapters need to monkey-patch std-lib modules before they +# are imported. This is why some of the command-line handling is done here, but +# the actual call to _main() is at the end of the file. + + +def _cli_parse(args): # pragma: no coverage + from argparse import ArgumentParser + + parser = ArgumentParser(usage="usage: %sprog [options] package.module:app") + opt = parser.add_argument + opt('app', help='WSGI app entry point.') + opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.") + opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.") + opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.") + opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.") + opt("-c", "--conf", action="append", metavar="FILE", + help="load config values from FILE.") + opt("-C", "--param", action="append", metavar="NAME=VALUE", + help="override config values.") + opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.") + opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.") + + cli_args = parser.parse_args(args) + + return cli_args, parser + + +def _cli_patch(cli_args): # pragma: no coverage + parsed_args, _ = _cli_parse(cli_args) + opts = parsed_args + if opts.server: + if opts.server.startswith('gevent'): + import gevent.monkey + gevent.monkey.patch_all() + elif opts.server.startswith('eventlet'): + import eventlet + eventlet.monkey_patch() + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + _cli_patch(sys.argv) + +############################################################################### +# Imports and Python 2/3 unification ########################################## +############################################################################### + + +import base64, cgi, email.utils, functools, hmac, imp, itertools, mimetypes,\ + os, re, tempfile, threading, time, warnings, weakref, hashlib + +from types import FunctionType +from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta +from tempfile import TemporaryFile +from traceback import format_exc, print_exc +from unicodedata import normalize +from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds + +# inspect.getargspec was removed in Python 3.6, use +# Signature-based version where we can (Python 3.3+) +try: + from inspect import signature + def getargspec(func): + params = signature(func).parameters + args, varargs, keywords, defaults = [], None, None, [] + for name, param in params.items(): + if param.kind == param.VAR_POSITIONAL: + varargs = name + elif param.kind == param.VAR_KEYWORD: + keywords = name + else: + args.append(name) + if param.default is not param.empty: + defaults.append(param.default) + return (args, varargs, keywords, tuple(defaults) or None) +except ImportError: + try: + from inspect import getfullargspec + def getargspec(func): + spec = getfullargspec(func) + kwargs = makelist(spec[0]) + makelist(spec.kwonlyargs) + return kwargs, spec[1], spec[2], spec[3] + except ImportError: + from inspect import getargspec + +py3k = sys.version_info.major > 2 + + +# Workaround for the "print is a keyword/function" Python 2/3 dilemma +# and a fallback for mod_wsgi (resticts stdout/err attribute access) +try: + _stdout, _stderr = sys.stdout.write, sys.stderr.write +except IOError: + _stdout = lambda x: sys.stdout.write(x) + _stderr = lambda x: sys.stderr.write(x) + +# Lots of stdlib and builtin differences. +if py3k: + import http.client as httplib + import _thread as thread + from urllib.parse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult + from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote + urlunquote = functools.partial(urlunquote, encoding='latin1') + from http.cookies import SimpleCookie + from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin + import pickle + from io import BytesIO + import configparser + + basestring = str + unicode = str + json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s)) + callable = lambda x: hasattr(x, '__call__') + imap = map + + def _raise(*a): + raise a[0](a[1]).with_traceback(a[2]) +else: # 2.x + import httplib + import thread + from urlparse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult + from urllib import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote + from Cookie import SimpleCookie + from itertools import imap + import cPickle as pickle + from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO + import ConfigParser as configparser + from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin + unicode = unicode + json_loads = json_lds + exec(compile('def _raise(*a): raise a[0], a[1], a[2]', '', 'exec')) + +# Some helpers for string/byte handling +def tob(s, enc='utf8'): + return s.encode(enc) if isinstance(s, unicode) else bytes(s) + + +def touni(s, enc='utf8', err='strict'): + if isinstance(s, bytes): + return s.decode(enc, err) + else: + return unicode(s or ("" if s is None else s)) + + +tonat = touni if py3k else tob + +# 3.2 fixes cgi.FieldStorage to accept bytes (which makes a lot of sense). + + +# A bug in functools causes it to break if the wrapper is an instance method +def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka): + try: + functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka) + except AttributeError: + pass + +# These helpers are used at module level and need to be defined first. +# And yes, I know PEP-8, but sometimes a lower-case classname makes more sense. + + +def depr(major, minor, cause, fix): + text = "Warning: Use of deprecated feature or API. (Deprecated in Bottle-%d.%d)\n"\ + "Cause: %s\n"\ + "Fix: %s\n" % (major, minor, cause, fix) + if DEBUG == 'strict': + raise DeprecationWarning(text) + warnings.warn(text, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3) + return DeprecationWarning(text) + + +def makelist(data): # This is just too handy + if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)): + return list(data) + elif data: + return [data] + else: + return [] + + +class DictProperty(object): + """ Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. """ + + def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False): + self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only + + def __call__(self, func): + functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[]) + self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__ + return self + + def __get__(self, obj, cls): + if obj is None: return self + key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr) + if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj) + return storage[key] + + def __set__(self, obj, value): + if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.") + getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value + + def __delete__(self, obj): + if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.") + del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] + + +class cached_property(object): + """ A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces + itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the + property. """ + + def __init__(self, func): + update_wrapper(self, func) + self.func = func + + def __get__(self, obj, cls): + if obj is None: return self + value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj) + return value + + +class lazy_attribute(object): + """ A property that caches itself to the class object. """ + + def __init__(self, func): + functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[]) + self.getter = func + + def __get__(self, obj, cls): + value = self.getter(cls) + setattr(cls, self.__name__, value) + return value + +############################################################################### +# Exceptions and Events ####################################################### +############################################################################### + + +class BottleException(Exception): + """ A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """ + pass + +############################################################################### +# Routing ###################################################################### +############################################################################### + + +class RouteError(BottleException): + """ This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """ + + +class RouteReset(BottleException): + """ If raised by a plugin or request handler, the route is reset and all + plugins are re-applied. """ + + +class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError): + + pass + + +class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError): + """ The route parser found something not supported by this router. """ + + +class RouteBuildError(RouteError): + """ The route could not be built. """ + + +def _re_flatten(p): + """ Turn all capturing groups in a regular expression pattern into + non-capturing groups. """ + if '(' not in p: + return p + return re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]+>|\((?!\?))', lambda m: m.group(0) if + len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:', p) + + +class Router(object): + """ A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to + efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return + the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything, + usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule + and a HTTP method. + + The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic + path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/`). The wildcard syntax + and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`. + """ + + default_pattern = '[^/]+' + default_filter = 're' + + #: The current CPython regexp implementation does not allow more + #: than 99 matching groups per regular expression. + _MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN = 99 + + def __init__(self, strict=False): + self.rules = [] # All rules in order + self._groups = {} # index of regexes to find them in dyna_routes + self.builder = {} # Data structure for the url builder + self.static = {} # Search structure for static routes + self.dyna_routes = {} + self.dyna_regexes = {} # Search structure for dynamic routes + #: If true, static routes are no longer checked first. + self.strict_order = strict + self.filters = { + 're': lambda conf: (_re_flatten(conf or self.default_pattern), + None, None), + 'int': lambda conf: (r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))), + 'float': lambda conf: (r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))), + 'path': lambda conf: (r'.+?', None, None) + } + + def add_filter(self, name, func): + """ Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration + string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple. + The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. """ + self.filters[name] = func + + rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)' + '(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)' + '|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)' + '(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>]+)+)?)?)?>))') + + def _itertokens(self, rule): + offset, prefix = 0, '' + for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule): + prefix += rule[offset:match.start()] + g = match.groups() + if g[2] is not None: + depr(0, 13, "Use of old route syntax.", + "Use instead of :name in routes.") + if len(g[0]) % 2: # Escaped wildcard + prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):] + offset = match.end() + continue + if prefix: + yield prefix, None, None + name, filtr, conf = g[4:7] if g[2] is None else g[1:4] + yield name, filtr or 'default', conf or None + offset, prefix = match.end(), '' + if offset <= len(rule) or prefix: + yield prefix + rule[offset:], None, None + + def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None): + """ Add a new rule or replace the target for an existing rule. """ + anons = 0 # Number of anonymous wildcards found + keys = [] # Names of keys + pattern = '' # Regular expression pattern with named groups + filters = [] # Lists of wildcard input filters + builder = [] # Data structure for the URL builder + is_static = True + + for key, mode, conf in self._itertokens(rule): + if mode: + is_static = False + if mode == 'default': mode = self.default_filter + mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf) + if not key: + pattern += '(?:%s)' % mask + key = 'anon%d' % anons + anons += 1 + else: + pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask) + keys.append(key) + if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter)) + builder.append((key, out_filter or str)) + elif key: + pattern += re.escape(key) + builder.append((None, key)) + + self.builder[rule] = builder + if name: self.builder[name] = builder + + if is_static and not self.strict_order: + self.static.setdefault(method, {}) + self.static[method][self.build(rule)] = (target, None) + return + + try: + re_pattern = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern) + re_match = re_pattern.match + except re.error as e: + raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" % (rule, e)) + + if filters: + + def getargs(path): + url_args = re_match(path).groupdict() + for name, wildcard_filter in filters: + try: + url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name]) + except ValueError: + raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.') + return url_args + elif re_pattern.groupindex: + + def getargs(path): + return re_match(path).groupdict() + else: + getargs = None + + flatpat = _re_flatten(pattern) + whole_rule = (rule, flatpat, target, getargs) + + if (flatpat, method) in self._groups: + if DEBUG: + msg = 'Route <%s %s> overwrites a previously defined route' + warnings.warn(msg % (method, rule), RuntimeWarning) + self.dyna_routes[method][ + self._groups[flatpat, method]] = whole_rule + else: + self.dyna_routes.setdefault(method, []).append(whole_rule) + self._groups[flatpat, method] = len(self.dyna_routes[method]) - 1 + + self._compile(method) + + def _compile(self, method): + all_rules = self.dyna_routes[method] + comborules = self.dyna_regexes[method] = [] + maxgroups = self._MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN + for x in range(0, len(all_rules), maxgroups): + some = all_rules[x:x + maxgroups] + combined = (flatpat for (_, flatpat, _, _) in some) + combined = '|'.join('(^%s$)' % flatpat for flatpat in combined) + combined = re.compile(combined).match + rules = [(target, getargs) for (_, _, target, getargs) in some] + comborules.append((combined, rules)) + + def build(self, _name, *anons, **query): + """ Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. """ + builder = self.builder.get(_name) + if not builder: + raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name) + try: + for i, value in enumerate(anons): + query['anon%d' % i] = value + url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n, f) in builder]) + return url if not query else url + '?' + urlencode(query) + except KeyError as E: + raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % E.args[0]) + + def match(self, environ): + """ Return a (target, url_args) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). """ + verb = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper() + path = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/' + + if verb == 'HEAD': + methods = ['PROXY', verb, 'GET', 'ANY'] + else: + methods = ['PROXY', verb, 'ANY'] + + for method in methods: + if method in self.static and path in self.static[method]: + target, getargs = self.static[method][path] + return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {} + elif method in self.dyna_regexes: + for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]: + match = combined(path) + if match: + target, getargs = rules[match.lastindex - 1] + return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {} + + # No matching route found. Collect alternative methods for 405 response + allowed = set([]) + nocheck = set(methods) + for method in set(self.static) - nocheck: + if path in self.static[method]: + allowed.add(verb) + for method in set(self.dyna_regexes) - allowed - nocheck: + for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]: + match = combined(path) + if match: + allowed.add(method) + if allowed: + allow_header = ",".join(sorted(allowed)) + raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.", Allow=allow_header) + + # No matching route and no alternative method found. We give up + raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(path)) + + +class Route(object): + """ This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and + configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for + turing an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router. + """ + + def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback, + name=None, + plugins=None, + skiplist=None, **config): + #: The application this route is installed to. + self.app = app + #: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/``). + self.rule = rule + #: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``). + self.method = method + #: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection. + self.callback = callback + #: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``. + self.name = name or None + #: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`). + self.plugins = plugins or [] + #: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`). + self.skiplist = skiplist or [] + #: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route` + #: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific + #: plugin configuration and meta-data. + self.config = app.config._make_overlay() + self.config.load_dict(config) + + @cached_property + def call(self): + """ The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is + created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests.""" + return self._make_callback() + + def reset(self): + """ Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed, + all plugins are re-applied. """ + self.__dict__.pop('call', None) + + def prepare(self): + """ Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging).""" + self.call + + def all_plugins(self): + """ Yield all Plugins affecting this route. """ + unique = set() + for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins): + if True in self.skiplist: break + name = getattr(p, 'name', False) + if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue + if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue + if name: unique.add(name) + yield p + + def _make_callback(self): + callback = self.callback + for plugin in self.all_plugins(): + try: + if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'): + callback = plugin.apply(callback, self) + else: + callback = plugin(callback) + except RouteReset: # Try again with changed configuration. + return self._make_callback() + if not callback is self.callback: + update_wrapper(callback, self.callback) + return callback + + def get_undecorated_callback(self): + """ Return the callback. If the callback is a decorated function, try to + recover the original function. """ + func = self.callback + func = getattr(func, '__func__' if py3k else 'im_func', func) + closure_attr = '__closure__' if py3k else 'func_closure' + while hasattr(func, closure_attr) and getattr(func, closure_attr): + attributes = getattr(func, closure_attr) + func = attributes[0].cell_contents + + # in case of decorators with multiple arguments + if not isinstance(func, FunctionType): + # pick first FunctionType instance from multiple arguments + func = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, FunctionType), + map(lambda x: x.cell_contents, attributes)) + func = list(func)[0] # py3 support + return func + + def get_callback_args(self): + """ Return a list of argument names the callback (most likely) accepts + as keyword arguments. If the callback is a decorated function, try + to recover the original function before inspection. """ + return getargspec(self.get_undecorated_callback())[0] + + def get_config(self, key, default=None): + """ Lookup a config field and return its value, first checking the + route.config, then route.app.config.""" + depr(0, 13, "Route.get_config() is deprectated.", + "The Route.config property already includes values from the" + " application config for missing keys. Access it directly.") + return self.config.get(key, default) + + def __repr__(self): + cb = self.get_undecorated_callback() + return '<%s %r %r>' % (self.method, self.rule, cb) + +############################################################################### +# Application Object ########################################################### +############################################################################### + + +class Bottle(object): + """ Each Bottle object represents a single, distinct web application and + consists of routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration. + Instances are callable WSGI applications. + + :param catchall: If true (default), handle all exceptions. Turn off to + let debugging middleware handle exceptions. + """ + + @lazy_attribute + def _global_config(cls): + cfg = ConfigDict() + cfg.meta_set('catchall', 'validate', bool) + return cfg + + def __init__(self, **kwargs): + #: A :class:`ConfigDict` for app specific configuration. + self.config = self._global_config._make_overlay() + self.config._add_change_listener( + functools.partial(self.trigger_hook, 'config')) + + self.config.update({ + "catchall": True + }) + + if kwargs.get('catchall') is False: + depr(0,13, "Bottle(catchall) keyword argument.", + "The 'catchall' setting is now part of the app " + "configuration. Fix: `app.config['catchall'] = False`") + self.config['catchall'] = False + if kwargs.get('autojson') is False: + depr(0, 13, "Bottle(autojson) keyword argument.", + "The 'autojson' setting is now part of the app " + "configuration. Fix: `app.config['json.enable'] = False`") + self.config['json.disable'] = True + + self._mounts = [] + + #: A :class:`ResourceManager` for application files + self.resources = ResourceManager() + + self.routes = [] # List of installed :class:`Route` instances. + self.router = Router() # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances. + self.error_handler = {} + + # Core plugins + self.plugins = [] # List of installed plugins. + self.install(JSONPlugin()) + self.install(TemplatePlugin()) + + #: If true, most exceptions are caught and returned as :exc:`HTTPError` + catchall = DictProperty('config', 'catchall') + + __hook_names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset', 'config' + __hook_reversed = {'after_request'} + + @cached_property + def _hooks(self): + return dict((name, []) for name in self.__hook_names) + + def add_hook(self, name, func): + """ Attach a callback to a hook. Three hooks are currently implemented: + + before_request + Executed once before each request. The request context is + available, but no routing has happened yet. + after_request + Executed once after each request regardless of its outcome. + app_reset + Called whenever :meth:`Bottle.reset` is called. + """ + if name in self.__hook_reversed: + self._hooks[name].insert(0, func) + else: + self._hooks[name].append(func) + + def remove_hook(self, name, func): + """ Remove a callback from a hook. """ + if name in self._hooks and func in self._hooks[name]: + self._hooks[name].remove(func) + return True + + def trigger_hook(self, __name, *args, **kwargs): + """ Trigger a hook and return a list of results. """ + return [hook(*args, **kwargs) for hook in self._hooks[__name][:]] + + def hook(self, name): + """ Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. See + :meth:`add_hook` for details.""" + + def decorator(func): + self.add_hook(name, func) + return func + + return decorator + + def _mount_wsgi(self, prefix, app, **options): + segments = [p for p in prefix.split('/') if p] + if not segments: + raise ValueError('WSGI applications cannot be mounted to "/".') + path_depth = len(segments) + + def mountpoint_wrapper(): + try: + request.path_shift(path_depth) + rs = HTTPResponse([]) + + def start_response(status, headerlist, exc_info=None): + if exc_info: + _raise(*exc_info) + rs.status = status + for name, value in headerlist: + rs.add_header(name, value) + return rs.body.append + + body = app(request.environ, start_response) + rs.body = itertools.chain(rs.body, body) if rs.body else body + return rs + finally: + request.path_shift(-path_depth) + + options.setdefault('skip', True) + options.setdefault('method', 'PROXY') + options.setdefault('mountpoint', {'prefix': prefix, 'target': app}) + options['callback'] = mountpoint_wrapper + + self.route('/%s/<:re:.*>' % '/'.join(segments), **options) + if not prefix.endswith('/'): + self.route('/' + '/'.join(segments), **options) + + def _mount_app(self, prefix, app, **options): + if app in self._mounts or '_mount.app' in app.config: + depr(0, 13, "Application mounted multiple times. Falling back to WSGI mount.", + "Clone application before mounting to a different location.") + return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options) + + if options: + depr(0, 13, "Unsupported mount options. Falling back to WSGI mount.", + "Do not specify any route options when mounting bottle application.") + return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options) + + if not prefix.endswith("/"): + depr(0, 13, "Prefix must end in '/'. Falling back to WSGI mount.", + "Consider adding an explicit redirect from '/prefix' to '/prefix/' in the parent application.") + return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options) + + self._mounts.append(app) + app.config['_mount.prefix'] = prefix + app.config['_mount.app'] = self + for route in app.routes: + route.rule = prefix + route.rule.lstrip('/') + self.add_route(route) + + def mount(self, prefix, app, **options): + """ Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific + URL prefix. Example:: + + parent_app.mount('/prefix/', child_app) + + :param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`. + :param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application. + + Plugins from the parent application are not applied to the routes + of the mounted child application. If you need plugins in the child + application, install them separately. + + While it is possible to use path wildcards within the prefix path + (:class:`Bottle` childs only), it is highly discouraged. + + The prefix path must end with a slash. If you want to access the + root of the child application via `/prefix` in addition to + `/prefix/`, consider adding a route with a 307 redirect to the + parent application. + """ + + if not prefix.startswith('/'): + raise ValueError("Prefix must start with '/'") + + if isinstance(app, Bottle): + return self._mount_app(prefix, app, **options) + else: + return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options) + + def merge(self, routes): + """ Merge the routes of another :class:`Bottle` application or a list of + :class:`Route` objects into this application. The routes keep their + 'owner', meaning that the :data:`Route.app` attribute is not + changed. """ + if isinstance(routes, Bottle): + routes = routes.routes + for route in routes: + self.add_route(route) + + def install(self, plugin): + """ Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being + applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple + decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API. + """ + if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self) + if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'): + raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()") + self.plugins.append(plugin) + self.reset() + return plugin + + def uninstall(self, plugin): + """ Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type + object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove + all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all + plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. """ + removed, remove = [], plugin + for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]: + if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \ + or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove: + removed.append(plugin) + del self.plugins[i] + if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close() + if removed: self.reset() + return removed + + def reset(self, route=None): + """ Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all + caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route + is affected. """ + if route is None: routes = self.routes + elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route] + else: routes = [self.routes[route]] + for route in routes: + route.reset() + if DEBUG: + for route in routes: + route.prepare() + self.trigger_hook('app_reset') + + def close(self): + """ Close the application and all installed plugins. """ + for plugin in self.plugins: + if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close() + + def run(self, **kwargs): + """ Calls :func:`run` with the same parameters. """ + run(self, **kwargs) + + def match(self, environ): + """ Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route` , urlargs) + tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted + from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match.""" + return self.router.match(environ) + + def get_url(self, routename, **kargs): + """ Return a string that matches a named route """ + scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/' + location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/') + return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location) + + def add_route(self, route): + """ Add a route object, but do not change the :data:`Route.app` + attribute.""" + self.routes.append(route) + self.router.add(route.rule, route.method, route, name=route.name) + if DEBUG: route.prepare() + + def route(self, + path=None, + method='GET', + callback=None, + name=None, + apply=None, + skip=None, **config): + """ A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example:: + + @app.route('/hello/') + def hello(name): + return 'Hello %s' % name + + The ```` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax + details. + + :param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no + path is specified, it is automatically generated from the + signature of the function. + :param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of + methods to listen to. (default: `GET`) + :param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator + syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)`` + :param name: The name for this route. (default: None) + :param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are + applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins. + :param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching + plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all. + + Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific + configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`). + """ + if callable(path): path, callback = None, path + plugins = makelist(apply) + skiplist = makelist(skip) + + def decorator(callback): + if isinstance(callback, basestring): callback = load(callback) + for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback): + for verb in makelist(method): + verb = verb.upper() + route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback, + name=name, + plugins=plugins, + skiplist=skiplist, **config) + self.add_route(route) + return callback + + return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator + + def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options): + """ Equals :meth:`route`. """ + return self.route(path, method, **options) + + def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options): + """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """ + return self.route(path, method, **options) + + def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options): + """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """ + return self.route(path, method, **options) + + def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options): + """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """ + return self.route(path, method, **options) + + def patch(self, path=None, method='PATCH', **options): + """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PATCH`` method parameter. """ + return self.route(path, method, **options) + + def error(self, code=500): + """ Decorator: Register an output handler for a HTTP error code""" + + def wrapper(handler): + self.error_handler[int(code)] = handler + return handler + + return wrapper + + def default_error_handler(self, res): + return tob(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=res, template_settings=dict(name='__ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE'))) + + def _handle(self, environ): + path = environ['bottle.raw_path'] = environ['PATH_INFO'] + if py3k: + environ['PATH_INFO'] = path.encode('latin1').decode('utf8', 'ignore') + + environ['bottle.app'] = self + request.bind(environ) + response.bind() + + try: + while True: # Remove in 0.14 together with RouteReset + out = None + try: + self.trigger_hook('before_request') + route, args = self.router.match(environ) + environ['route.handle'] = route + environ['bottle.route'] = route + environ['route.url_args'] = args + out = route.call(**args) + break + except HTTPResponse as E: + out = E + break + except RouteReset: + depr(0, 13, "RouteReset exception deprecated", + "Call route.call() after route.reset() and " + "return the result.") + route.reset() + continue + finally: + if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse): + out.apply(response) + try: + self.trigger_hook('after_request') + except HTTPResponse as E: + out = E + out.apply(response) + except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError): + raise + except Exception as E: + if not self.catchall: raise + stacktrace = format_exc() + environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace) + environ['wsgi.errors'].flush() + out = HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", E, stacktrace) + out.apply(response) + + return out + + def _cast(self, out, peek=None): + """ Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set + correct HTTP headers when possible. + Support: False, str, unicode, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError, file-like, + iterable of strings and iterable of unicodes + """ + + # Empty output is done here + if not out: + if 'Content-Length' not in response: + response['Content-Length'] = 0 + return [] + # Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported + if isinstance(out, (tuple, list))\ + and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, unicode)): + out = out[0][0:0].join(out) # b'abc'[0:0] -> b'' + # Encode unicode strings + if isinstance(out, unicode): + out = out.encode(response.charset) + # Byte Strings are just returned + if isinstance(out, bytes): + if 'Content-Length' not in response: + response['Content-Length'] = len(out) + return [out] + # HTTPError or HTTPException (recursive, because they may wrap anything) + # TODO: Handle these explicitly in handle() or make them iterable. + if isinstance(out, HTTPError): + out.apply(response) + out = self.error_handler.get(out.status_code, + self.default_error_handler)(out) + return self._cast(out) + if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse): + out.apply(response) + return self._cast(out.body) + + # File-like objects. + if hasattr(out, 'read'): + if 'wsgi.file_wrapper' in request.environ: + return request.environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](out) + elif hasattr(out, 'close') or not hasattr(out, '__iter__'): + return WSGIFileWrapper(out) + + # Handle Iterables. We peek into them to detect their inner type. + try: + iout = iter(out) + first = next(iout) + while not first: + first = next(iout) + except StopIteration: + return self._cast('') + except HTTPResponse as E: + first = E + except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError): + raise + except Exception as error: + if not self.catchall: raise + first = HTTPError(500, 'Unhandled exception', error, format_exc()) + + # These are the inner types allowed in iterator or generator objects. + if isinstance(first, HTTPResponse): + return self._cast(first) + elif isinstance(first, bytes): + new_iter = itertools.chain([first], iout) + elif isinstance(first, unicode): + encoder = lambda x: x.encode(response.charset) + new_iter = imap(encoder, itertools.chain([first], iout)) + else: + msg = 'Unsupported response type: %s' % type(first) + return self._cast(HTTPError(500, msg)) + if hasattr(out, 'close'): + new_iter = _closeiter(new_iter, out.close) + return new_iter + + def wsgi(self, environ, start_response): + """ The bottle WSGI-interface. """ + try: + out = self._cast(self._handle(environ)) + # rfc2616 section 4.3 + if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\ + or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD': + if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close() + out = [] + start_response(response._status_line, response.headerlist) + return out + except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError): + raise + except Exception as E: + if not self.catchall: raise + err = '

Critical error while processing request: %s

' \ + % html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/')) + if DEBUG: + err += '

Error:

\n
\n%s\n
\n' \ + '

Traceback:

\n
\n%s\n
\n' \ + % (html_escape(repr(E)), html_escape(format_exc())) + environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err) + environ['wsgi.errors'].flush() + headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')] + start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers, sys.exc_info()) + return [tob(err)] + + def __call__(self, environ, start_response): + """ Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application. """ + return self.wsgi(environ, start_response) + + def __enter__(self): + """ Use this application as default for all module-level shortcuts. """ + default_app.push(self) + return self + + def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback): + default_app.pop() + + def __setattr__(self, name, value): + if name in self.__dict__: + raise AttributeError("Attribute %s already defined. Plugin conflict?" % name) + self.__dict__[name] = value + + +############################################################################### +# HTTP and WSGI Tools ########################################################## +############################################################################### + + +class BaseRequest(object): + """ A wrapper for WSGI environment dictionaries that adds a lot of + convenient access methods and properties. Most of them are read-only. + + Adding new attributes to a request actually adds them to the environ + dictionary (as 'bottle.request.ext.'). This is the recommended + way to store and access request-specific data. + """ + + __slots__ = ('environ', ) + + #: Maximum size of memory buffer for :attr:`body` in bytes. + MEMFILE_MAX = 102400 + + def __init__(self, environ=None): + """ Wrap a WSGI environ dictionary. """ + #: The wrapped WSGI environ dictionary. This is the only real attribute. + #: All other attributes actually are read-only properties. + self.environ = {} if environ is None else environ + self.environ['bottle.request'] = self + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.app', read_only=True) + def app(self): + """ Bottle application handling this request. """ + raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to an application.') + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.route', read_only=True) + def route(self): + """ The bottle :class:`Route` object that matches this request. """ + raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.') + + @DictProperty('environ', 'route.url_args', read_only=True) + def url_args(self): + """ The arguments extracted from the URL. """ + raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.') + + @property + def path(self): + """ The value of ``PATH_INFO`` with exactly one prefixed slash (to fix + broken clients and avoid the "empty path" edge case). """ + return '/' + self.environ.get('PATH_INFO', '').lstrip('/') + + @property + def method(self): + """ The ``REQUEST_METHOD`` value as an uppercase string. """ + return self.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET').upper() + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.headers', read_only=True) + def headers(self): + """ A :class:`WSGIHeaderDict` that provides case-insensitive access to + HTTP request headers. """ + return WSGIHeaderDict(self.environ) + + def get_header(self, name, default=None): + """ Return the value of a request header, or a given default value. """ + return self.headers.get(name, default) + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.cookies', read_only=True) + def cookies(self): + """ Cookies parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. Signed cookies are NOT + decoded. Use :meth:`get_cookie` if you expect signed cookies. """ + cookies = SimpleCookie(self.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', '')).values() + return FormsDict((c.key, c.value) for c in cookies) + + def get_cookie(self, key, default=None, secret=None, digestmod=hashlib.sha256): + """ Return the content of a cookie. To read a `Signed Cookie`, the + `secret` must match the one used to create the cookie (see + :meth:`BaseResponse.set_cookie`). If anything goes wrong (missing + cookie or wrong signature), return a default value. """ + value = self.cookies.get(key) + if secret: + # See BaseResponse.set_cookie for details on signed cookies. + if value and value.startswith('!') and '?' in value: + sig, msg = map(tob, value[1:].split('?', 1)) + hash = hmac.new(tob(secret), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest() + if _lscmp(sig, base64.b64encode(hash)): + dst = pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg)) + if dst and dst[0] == key: + return dst[1] + return default + return value or default + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.query', read_only=True) + def query(self): + """ The :attr:`query_string` parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. These + values are sometimes called "URL arguments" or "GET parameters", but + not to be confused with "URL wildcards" as they are provided by the + :class:`Router`. """ + get = self.environ['bottle.get'] = FormsDict() + pairs = _parse_qsl(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')) + for key, value in pairs: + get[key] = value + return get + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.forms', read_only=True) + def forms(self): + """ Form values parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data` + encoded POST or PUT request body. The result is returned as a + :class:`FormsDict`. All keys and values are strings. File uploads + are stored separately in :attr:`files`. """ + forms = FormsDict() + for name, item in self.POST.allitems(): + if not isinstance(item, FileUpload): + forms[name] = item + return forms + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.params', read_only=True) + def params(self): + """ A :class:`FormsDict` with the combined values of :attr:`query` and + :attr:`forms`. File uploads are stored in :attr:`files`. """ + params = FormsDict() + for key, value in self.query.allitems(): + params[key] = value + for key, value in self.forms.allitems(): + params[key] = value + return params + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.files', read_only=True) + def files(self): + """ File uploads parsed from `multipart/form-data` encoded POST or PUT + request body. The values are instances of :class:`FileUpload`. + + """ + files = FormsDict() + for name, item in self.POST.allitems(): + if isinstance(item, FileUpload): + files[name] = item + return files + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.json', read_only=True) + def json(self): + """ If the ``Content-Type`` header is ``application/json`` or + ``application/json-rpc``, this property holds the parsed content + of the request body. Only requests smaller than :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX` + are processed to avoid memory exhaustion. + Invalid JSON raises a 400 error response. + """ + ctype = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower().split(';')[0] + if ctype in ('application/json', 'application/json-rpc'): + b = self._get_body_string() + if not b: + return None + try: + return json_loads(b) + except (ValueError, TypeError): + raise HTTPError(400, 'Invalid JSON') + return None + + def _iter_body(self, read, bufsize): + maxread = max(0, self.content_length) + while maxread: + part = read(min(maxread, bufsize)) + if not part: break + yield part + maxread -= len(part) + + @staticmethod + def _iter_chunked(read, bufsize): + err = HTTPError(400, 'Error while parsing chunked transfer body.') + rn, sem, bs = tob('\r\n'), tob(';'), tob('') + while True: + header = read(1) + while header[-2:] != rn: + c = read(1) + header += c + if not c: raise err + if len(header) > bufsize: raise err + size, _, _ = header.partition(sem) + try: + maxread = int(tonat(size.strip()), 16) + except ValueError: + raise err + if maxread == 0: break + buff = bs + while maxread > 0: + if not buff: + buff = read(min(maxread, bufsize)) + part, buff = buff[:maxread], buff[maxread:] + if not part: raise err + yield part + maxread -= len(part) + if read(2) != rn: + raise err + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.body', read_only=True) + def _body(self): + try: + read_func = self.environ['wsgi.input'].read + except KeyError: + self.environ['wsgi.input'] = BytesIO() + return self.environ['wsgi.input'] + body_iter = self._iter_chunked if self.chunked else self._iter_body + body, body_size, is_temp_file = BytesIO(), 0, False + for part in body_iter(read_func, self.MEMFILE_MAX): + body.write(part) + body_size += len(part) + if not is_temp_file and body_size > self.MEMFILE_MAX: + body, tmp = TemporaryFile(mode='w+b'), body + body.write(tmp.getvalue()) + del tmp + is_temp_file = True + self.environ['wsgi.input'] = body + body.seek(0) + return body + + def _get_body_string(self): + """ read body until content-length or MEMFILE_MAX into a string. Raise + HTTPError(413) on requests that are to large. """ + clen = self.content_length + if clen > self.MEMFILE_MAX: + raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large') + if clen < 0: clen = self.MEMFILE_MAX + 1 + data = self.body.read(clen) + if len(data) > self.MEMFILE_MAX: # Fail fast + raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large') + return data + + @property + def body(self): + """ The HTTP request body as a seek-able file-like object. Depending on + :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`, this is either a temporary file or a + :class:`io.BytesIO` instance. Accessing this property for the first + time reads and replaces the ``wsgi.input`` environ variable. + Subsequent accesses just do a `seek(0)` on the file object. """ + self._body.seek(0) + return self._body + + @property + def chunked(self): + """ True if Chunked transfer encoding was. """ + return 'chunked' in self.environ.get( + 'HTTP_TRANSFER_ENCODING', '').lower() + + #: An alias for :attr:`query`. + GET = query + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.post', read_only=True) + def POST(self): + """ The values of :attr:`forms` and :attr:`files` combined into a single + :class:`FormsDict`. Values are either strings (form values) or + instances of :class:`cgi.FieldStorage` (file uploads). + """ + post = FormsDict() + # We default to application/x-www-form-urlencoded for everything that + # is not multipart and take the fast path (also: 3.1 workaround) + if not self.content_type.startswith('multipart/'): + pairs = _parse_qsl(tonat(self._get_body_string(), 'latin1')) + for key, value in pairs: + post[key] = value + return post + + safe_env = {'QUERY_STRING': ''} # Build a safe environment for cgi + for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'): + if key in self.environ: safe_env[key] = self.environ[key] + args = dict(fp=self.body, environ=safe_env, keep_blank_values=True) + + if py3k: + args['encoding'] = 'utf8' + data = cgi.FieldStorage(**args) + self['_cgi.FieldStorage'] = data #http://bugs.python.org/issue18394 + data = data.list or [] + for item in data: + if item.filename: + post[item.name] = FileUpload(item.file, item.name, + item.filename, item.headers) + else: + post[item.name] = item.value + return post + + @property + def url(self): + """ The full request URI including hostname and scheme. If your app + lives behind a reverse proxy or load balancer and you get confusing + results, make sure that the ``X-Forwarded-Host`` header is set + correctly. """ + return self.urlparts.geturl() + + @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.urlparts', read_only=True) + def urlparts(self): + """ The :attr:`url` string as an :class:`urlparse.SplitResult` tuple. + The tuple contains (scheme, host, path, query_string and fragment), + but the fragment is always empty because it is not visible to the + server. """ + env = self.environ + http = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO') \ + or env.get('wsgi.url_scheme', 'http') + host = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST') or env.get('HTTP_HOST') + if not host: + # HTTP 1.1 requires a Host-header. This is for HTTP/1.0 clients. + host = env.get('SERVER_NAME', '127.0.0.1') + port = env.get('SERVER_PORT') + if port and port != ('80' if http == 'http' else '443'): + host += ':' + port + path = urlquote(self.fullpath) + return UrlSplitResult(http, host, path, env.get('QUERY_STRING'), '') + + @property + def fullpath(self): + """ Request path including :attr:`script_name` (if present). """ + return urljoin(self.script_name, self.path.lstrip('/')) + + @property + def query_string(self): + """ The raw :attr:`query` part of the URL (everything in between ``?`` + and ``#``) as a string. """ + return self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '') + + @property + def script_name(self): + """ The initial portion of the URL's `path` that was removed by a higher + level (server or routing middleware) before the application was + called. This script path is returned with leading and tailing + slashes. """ + script_name = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + return '/' + script_name + '/' if script_name else '/' + + def path_shift(self, shift=1): + """ Shift path segments from :attr:`path` to :attr:`script_name` and + vice versa. + + :param shift: The number of path segments to shift. May be negative + to change the shift direction. (default: 1) + """ + script, path = path_shift(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '/'), self.path, shift) + self['SCRIPT_NAME'], self['PATH_INFO'] = script, path + + @property + def content_length(self): + """ The request body length as an integer. The client is responsible to + set this header. Otherwise, the real length of the body is unknown + and -1 is returned. In this case, :attr:`body` will be empty. """ + return int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or -1) + + @property + def content_type(self): + """ The Content-Type header as a lowercase-string (default: empty). """ + return self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower() + + @property + def is_xhr(self): + """ True if the request was triggered by a XMLHttpRequest. This only + works with JavaScript libraries that support the `X-Requested-With` + header (most of the popular libraries do). """ + requested_with = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', '') + return requested_with.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest' + + @property + def is_ajax(self): + """ Alias for :attr:`is_xhr`. "Ajax" is not the right term. """ + return self.is_xhr + + @property + def auth(self): + """ HTTP authentication data as a (user, password) tuple. This + implementation currently supports basic (not digest) authentication + only. If the authentication happened at a higher level (e.g. in the + front web-server or a middleware), the password field is None, but + the user field is looked up from the ``REMOTE_USER`` environ + variable. On any errors, None is returned. """ + basic = parse_auth(self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', '')) + if basic: return basic + ruser = self.environ.get('REMOTE_USER') + if ruser: return (ruser, None) + return None + + @property + def remote_route(self): + """ A list of all IPs that were involved in this request, starting with + the client IP and followed by zero or more proxies. This does only + work if all proxies support the ```X-Forwarded-For`` header. Note + that this information can be forged by malicious clients. """ + proxy = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR') + if proxy: return [ip.strip() for ip in proxy.split(',')] + remote = self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR') + return [remote] if remote else [] + + @property + def remote_addr(self): + """ The client IP as a string. Note that this information can be forged + by malicious clients. """ + route = self.remote_route + return route[0] if route else None + + def copy(self): + """ Return a new :class:`Request` with a shallow :attr:`environ` copy. """ + return Request(self.environ.copy()) + + def get(self, value, default=None): + return self.environ.get(value, default) + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return self.environ[key] + + def __delitem__(self, key): + self[key] = "" + del (self.environ[key]) + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.environ) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.environ) + + def keys(self): + return self.environ.keys() + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + """ Change an environ value and clear all caches that depend on it. """ + + if self.environ.get('bottle.request.readonly'): + raise KeyError('The environ dictionary is read-only.') + + self.environ[key] = value + todelete = () + + if key == 'wsgi.input': + todelete = ('body', 'forms', 'files', 'params', 'post', 'json') + elif key == 'QUERY_STRING': + todelete = ('query', 'params') + elif key.startswith('HTTP_'): + todelete = ('headers', 'cookies') + + for key in todelete: + self.environ.pop('bottle.request.' + key, None) + + def __repr__(self): + return '<%s: %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.url) + + def __getattr__(self, name): + """ Search in self.environ for additional user defined attributes. """ + try: + var = self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name] + return var.__get__(self) if hasattr(var, '__get__') else var + except KeyError: + raise AttributeError('Attribute %r not defined.' % name) + + def __setattr__(self, name, value): + if name == 'environ': return object.__setattr__(self, name, value) + key = 'bottle.request.ext.%s' % name + if key in self.environ: + raise AttributeError("Attribute already defined: %s" % name) + self.environ[key] = value + + def __delattr__(self, name, value): + try: + del self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name] + except KeyError: + raise AttributeError("Attribute not defined: %s" % name) + + +def _hkey(key): + if '\n' in key or '\r' in key or '\0' in key: + raise ValueError("Header names must not contain control characters: %r" % key) + return key.title().replace('_', '-') + +def _hval(value): + value = value if isinstance(value, unicode) else str(value) + if '\n' in value or '\r' in value or '\0' in value: + raise ValueError("Header value must not contain control characters: %r" % value) + return value + +class HeaderProperty(object): + def __init__(self, name, reader=None, writer=None, default=''): + self.name, self.default = name, default + self.reader, self.writer = reader, writer + self.__doc__ = 'Current value of the %r header.' % name.title() + + def __get__(self, obj, _): + if obj is None: return self + value = obj.get_header(self.name, self.default) + return self.reader(value) if self.reader else value + + def __set__(self, obj, value): + obj[self.name] = self.writer(value) if self.writer else value + + def __delete__(self, obj): + del obj[self.name] + + +class BaseResponse(object): + """ Storage class for a response body as well as headers and cookies. + + This class does support dict-like case-insensitive item-access to + headers, but is NOT a dict. Most notably, iterating over a response + yields parts of the body and not the headers. + + :param body: The response body as one of the supported types. + :param status: Either an HTTP status code (e.g. 200) or a status line + including the reason phrase (e.g. '200 OK'). + :param headers: A dictionary or a list of name-value pairs. + + Additional keyword arguments are added to the list of headers. + Underscores in the header name are replaced with dashes. + """ + + default_status = 200 + default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8' + + # Header blacklist for specific response codes + # (rfc2616 section 10.2.3 and 10.3.5) + bad_headers = { + 204: frozenset(('Content-Type', 'Content-Length')), + 304: frozenset(('Allow', 'Content-Encoding', 'Content-Language', + 'Content-Length', 'Content-Range', 'Content-Type', + 'Content-Md5', 'Last-Modified')) + } + + def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers): + self._cookies = None + self._headers = {} + self.body = body + self.status = status or self.default_status + if headers: + if isinstance(headers, dict): + headers = headers.items() + for name, value in headers: + self.add_header(name, value) + if more_headers: + for name, value in more_headers.items(): + self.add_header(name, value) + + def copy(self, cls=None): + """ Returns a copy of self. """ + cls = cls or BaseResponse + assert issubclass(cls, BaseResponse) + copy = cls() + copy.status = self.status + copy._headers = dict((k, v[:]) for (k, v) in self._headers.items()) + if self._cookies: + copy._cookies = SimpleCookie() + copy._cookies.load(self._cookies.output(header='')) + return copy + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.body) + + def close(self): + if hasattr(self.body, 'close'): + self.body.close() + + @property + def status_line(self): + """ The HTTP status line as a string (e.g. ``404 Not Found``).""" + return self._status_line + + @property + def status_code(self): + """ The HTTP status code as an integer (e.g. 404).""" + return self._status_code + + def _set_status(self, status): + if isinstance(status, int): + code, status = status, _HTTP_STATUS_LINES.get(status) + elif ' ' in status: + status = status.strip() + code = int(status.split()[0]) + else: + raise ValueError('String status line without a reason phrase.') + if not 100 <= code <= 999: + raise ValueError('Status code out of range.') + self._status_code = code + self._status_line = str(status or ('%d Unknown' % code)) + + def _get_status(self): + return self._status_line + + status = property( + _get_status, _set_status, None, + ''' A writeable property to change the HTTP response status. It accepts + either a numeric code (100-999) or a string with a custom reason + phrase (e.g. "404 Brain not found"). Both :data:`status_line` and + :data:`status_code` are updated accordingly. The return value is + always a status string. ''') + del _get_status, _set_status + + @property + def headers(self): + """ An instance of :class:`HeaderDict`, a case-insensitive dict-like + view on the response headers. """ + hdict = HeaderDict() + hdict.dict = self._headers + return hdict + + def __contains__(self, name): + return _hkey(name) in self._headers + + def __delitem__(self, name): + del self._headers[_hkey(name)] + + def __getitem__(self, name): + return self._headers[_hkey(name)][-1] + + def __setitem__(self, name, value): + self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)] + + def get_header(self, name, default=None): + """ Return the value of a previously defined header. If there is no + header with that name, return a default value. """ + return self._headers.get(_hkey(name), [default])[-1] + + def set_header(self, name, value): + """ Create a new response header, replacing any previously defined + headers with the same name. """ + self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [_hval(value)] + + def add_header(self, name, value): + """ Add an additional response header, not removing duplicates. """ + self._headers.setdefault(_hkey(name), []).append(_hval(value)) + + def iter_headers(self): + """ Yield (header, value) tuples, skipping headers that are not + allowed with the current response status code. """ + return self.headerlist + + @property + def headerlist(self): + """ WSGI conform list of (header, value) tuples. """ + out = [] + headers = list(self._headers.items()) + if 'Content-Type' not in self._headers: + headers.append(('Content-Type', [self.default_content_type])) + if self._status_code in self.bad_headers: + bad_headers = self.bad_headers[self._status_code] + headers = [h for h in headers if h[0] not in bad_headers] + out += [(name, val) for (name, vals) in headers for val in vals] + if self._cookies: + for c in self._cookies.values(): + out.append(('Set-Cookie', c.OutputString())) + if py3k: + return [(k, v.encode('utf8').decode('latin1')) for (k, v) in out] + else: + return [(k, v.encode('utf8') if isinstance(v, unicode) else v) + for (k, v) in out] + + content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type') + content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int) + expires = HeaderProperty( + 'Expires', + reader=lambda x: datetime.utcfromtimestamp(parse_date(x)), + writer=lambda x: http_date(x)) + + @property + def charset(self, default='UTF-8'): + """ Return the charset specified in the content-type header (default: utf8). """ + if 'charset=' in self.content_type: + return self.content_type.split('charset=')[-1].split(';')[0].strip() + return default + + def set_cookie(self, name, value, secret=None, digestmod=hashlib.sha256, **options): + """ Create a new cookie or replace an old one. If the `secret` parameter is + set, create a `Signed Cookie` (described below). + + :param name: the name of the cookie. + :param value: the value of the cookie. + :param secret: a signature key required for signed cookies. + + Additionally, this method accepts all RFC 2109 attributes that are + supported by :class:`cookie.Morsel`, including: + + :param max_age: maximum age in seconds. (default: None) + :param expires: a datetime object or UNIX timestamp. (default: None) + :param domain: the domain that is allowed to read the cookie. + (default: current domain) + :param path: limits the cookie to a given path (default: current path) + :param secure: limit the cookie to HTTPS connections (default: off). + :param httponly: prevents client-side javascript to read this cookie + (default: off, requires Python 2.6 or newer). + + If neither `expires` nor `max_age` is set (default), the cookie will + expire at the end of the browser session (as soon as the browser + window is closed). + + Signed cookies may store any pickle-able object and are + cryptographically signed to prevent manipulation. Keep in mind that + cookies are limited to 4kb in most browsers. + + Warning: Pickle is a potentially dangerous format. If an attacker + gains access to the secret key, he could forge cookies that execute + code on server side if unpickeld. Using pickle is discouraged and + support for it will be removed in later versions of bottle. + + Warning: Signed cookies are not encrypted (the client can still see + the content) and not copy-protected (the client can restore an old + cookie). The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling + save, not to store secret information at client side. + """ + if not self._cookies: + self._cookies = SimpleCookie() + + if secret: + if not isinstance(value, basestring): + depr(0, 13, "Pickling of arbitrary objects into cookies is " + "deprecated.", "Only store strings in cookies. " + "JSON strings are fine, too.") + encoded = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps([name, value], -1)) + sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(secret), encoded, + digestmod=digestmod).digest()) + value = touni(tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + encoded) + elif not isinstance(value, basestring): + raise TypeError('Secret key required for non-string cookies.') + + # Cookie size plus options must not exceed 4kb. + if len(name) + len(value) > 3800: + raise ValueError('Content does not fit into a cookie.') + + self._cookies[name] = value + + for key, value in options.items(): + if key == 'max_age': + if isinstance(value, timedelta): + value = value.seconds + value.days * 24 * 3600 + if key == 'expires': + if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)): + value = value.timetuple() + elif isinstance(value, (int, float)): + value = time.gmtime(value) + value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value) + if key in ('secure', 'httponly') and not value: + continue + self._cookies[name][key.replace('_', '-')] = value + + def delete_cookie(self, key, **kwargs): + """ Delete a cookie. Be sure to use the same `domain` and `path` + settings as used to create the cookie. """ + kwargs['max_age'] = -1 + kwargs['expires'] = 0 + self.set_cookie(key, '', **kwargs) + + def __repr__(self): + out = '' + for name, value in self.headerlist: + out += '%s: %s\n' % (name.title(), value.strip()) + return out + + +def _local_property(): + ls = threading.local() + + def fget(_): + try: + return ls.var + except AttributeError: + raise RuntimeError("Request context not initialized.") + + def fset(_, value): + ls.var = value + + def fdel(_): + del ls.var + + return property(fget, fset, fdel, 'Thread-local property') + + +class LocalRequest(BaseRequest): + """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseRequest` with a different + set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global + instance of this class (:data:`request`). If accessed during a + request/response cycle, this instance always refers to the *current* + request (even on a multithreaded server). """ + bind = BaseRequest.__init__ + environ = _local_property() + + +class LocalResponse(BaseResponse): + """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseResponse` with a different + set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global + instance of this class (:data:`response`). Its attributes are used + to build the HTTP response at the end of the request/response cycle. + """ + bind = BaseResponse.__init__ + _status_line = _local_property() + _status_code = _local_property() + _cookies = _local_property() + _headers = _local_property() + body = _local_property() + + +Request = BaseRequest +Response = BaseResponse + + +class HTTPResponse(Response, BottleException): + def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers): + super(HTTPResponse, self).__init__(body, status, headers, **more_headers) + + def apply(self, other): + other._status_code = self._status_code + other._status_line = self._status_line + other._headers = self._headers + other._cookies = self._cookies + other.body = self.body + + +class HTTPError(HTTPResponse): + default_status = 500 + + def __init__(self, + status=None, + body=None, + exception=None, + traceback=None, **more_headers): + self.exception = exception + self.traceback = traceback + super(HTTPError, self).__init__(body, status, **more_headers) + +############################################################################### +# Plugins ###################################################################### +############################################################################### + + +class PluginError(BottleException): + pass + + +class JSONPlugin(object): + name = 'json' + api = 2 + + def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps): + self.json_dumps = json_dumps + + def setup(self, app): + app.config._define('json.enable', default=True, validate=bool, + help="Enable or disable automatic dict->json filter.") + app.config._define('json.ascii', default=False, validate=bool, + help="Use only 7-bit ASCII characters in output.") + app.config._define('json.indent', default=True, validate=bool, + help="Add whitespace to make json more readable.") + app.config._define('json.dump_func', default=None, + help="If defined, use this function to transform" + " dict into json. The other options no longer" + " apply.") + + def apply(self, callback, route): + dumps = self.json_dumps + if not self.json_dumps: return callback + + def wrapper(*a, **ka): + try: + rv = callback(*a, **ka) + except HTTPResponse as resp: + rv = resp + + if isinstance(rv, dict): + #Attempt to serialize, raises exception on failure + json_response = dumps(rv) + #Set content type only if serialization successful + response.content_type = 'application/json' + return json_response + elif isinstance(rv, HTTPResponse) and isinstance(rv.body, dict): + rv.body = dumps(rv.body) + rv.content_type = 'application/json' + return rv + + return wrapper + + +class TemplatePlugin(object): + """ This plugin applies the :func:`view` decorator to all routes with a + `template` config parameter. If the parameter is a tuple, the second + element must be a dict with additional options (e.g. `template_engine`) + or default variables for the template. """ + name = 'template' + api = 2 + + def setup(self, app): + app.tpl = self + + def apply(self, callback, route): + conf = route.config.get('template') + if isinstance(conf, (tuple, list)) and len(conf) == 2: + return view(conf[0], **conf[1])(callback) + elif isinstance(conf, str): + return view(conf)(callback) + else: + return callback + + +#: Not a plugin, but part of the plugin API. TODO: Find a better place. +class _ImportRedirect(object): + def __init__(self, name, impmask): + """ Create a virtual package that redirects imports (see PEP 302). """ + self.name = name + self.impmask = impmask + self.module = sys.modules.setdefault(name, imp.new_module(name)) + self.module.__dict__.update({ + '__file__': __file__, + '__path__': [], + '__all__': [], + '__loader__': self + }) + sys.meta_path.append(self) + + def find_module(self, fullname, path=None): + if '.' not in fullname: return + packname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[0] + if packname != self.name: return + return self + + def load_module(self, fullname): + if fullname in sys.modules: return sys.modules[fullname] + modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[1] + realname = self.impmask % modname + __import__(realname) + module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname] + setattr(self.module, modname, module) + module.__loader__ = self + return module + +############################################################################### +# Common Utilities ############################################################# +############################################################################### + + +class MultiDict(DictMixin): + """ This dict stores multiple values per key, but behaves exactly like a + normal dict in that it returns only the newest value for any given key. + There are special methods available to access the full list of values. + """ + + def __init__(self, *a, **k): + self.dict = dict((k, [v]) for (k, v) in dict(*a, **k).items()) + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.dict) + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.dict) + + def __contains__(self, key): + return key in self.dict + + def __delitem__(self, key): + del self.dict[key] + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return self.dict[key][-1] + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + self.append(key, value) + + def keys(self): + return self.dict.keys() + + if py3k: + + def values(self): + return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.values()) + + def items(self): + return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items()) + + def allitems(self): + return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.items() for v in vl) + + iterkeys = keys + itervalues = values + iteritems = items + iterallitems = allitems + + else: + + def values(self): + return [v[-1] for v in self.dict.values()] + + def items(self): + return [(k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items()] + + def iterkeys(self): + return self.dict.iterkeys() + + def itervalues(self): + return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.itervalues()) + + def iteritems(self): + return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.iteritems()) + + def iterallitems(self): + return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl) + + def allitems(self): + return [(k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl] + + def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1, type=None): + """ Return the most recent value for a key. + + :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not + present or the type conversion fails. + :param index: An index for the list of available values. + :param type: If defined, this callable is used to cast the value + into a specific type. Exception are suppressed and result in + the default value to be returned. + """ + try: + val = self.dict[key][index] + return type(val) if type else val + except Exception: + pass + return default + + def append(self, key, value): + """ Add a new value to the list of values for this key. """ + self.dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value) + + def replace(self, key, value): + """ Replace the list of values with a single value. """ + self.dict[key] = [value] + + def getall(self, key): + """ Return a (possibly empty) list of values for a key. """ + return self.dict.get(key) or [] + + #: Aliases for WTForms to mimic other multi-dict APIs (Django) + getone = get + getlist = getall + + +class FormsDict(MultiDict): + """ This :class:`MultiDict` subclass is used to store request form data. + Additionally to the normal dict-like item access methods (which return + unmodified data as native strings), this container also supports + attribute-like access to its values. Attributes are automatically de- + or recoded to match :attr:`input_encoding` (default: 'utf8'). Missing + attributes default to an empty string. """ + + #: Encoding used for attribute values. + input_encoding = 'utf8' + #: If true (default), unicode strings are first encoded with `latin1` + #: and then decoded to match :attr:`input_encoding`. + recode_unicode = True + + def _fix(self, s, encoding=None): + if isinstance(s, unicode) and self.recode_unicode: # Python 3 WSGI + return s.encode('latin1').decode(encoding or self.input_encoding) + elif isinstance(s, bytes): # Python 2 WSGI + return s.decode(encoding or self.input_encoding) + else: + return s + + def decode(self, encoding=None): + """ Returns a copy with all keys and values de- or recoded to match + :attr:`input_encoding`. Some libraries (e.g. WTForms) want a + unicode dictionary. """ + copy = FormsDict() + enc = copy.input_encoding = encoding or self.input_encoding + copy.recode_unicode = False + for key, value in self.allitems(): + copy.append(self._fix(key, enc), self._fix(value, enc)) + return copy + + def getunicode(self, name, default=None, encoding=None): + """ Return the value as a unicode string, or the default. """ + try: + return self._fix(self[name], encoding) + except (UnicodeError, KeyError): + return default + + def __getattr__(self, name, default=unicode()): + # Without this guard, pickle generates a cryptic TypeError: + if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'): + return super(FormsDict, self).__getattr__(name) + return self.getunicode(name, default=default) + +class HeaderDict(MultiDict): + """ A case-insensitive version of :class:`MultiDict` that defaults to + replace the old value instead of appending it. """ + + def __init__(self, *a, **ka): + self.dict = {} + if a or ka: self.update(*a, **ka) + + def __contains__(self, key): + return _hkey(key) in self.dict + + def __delitem__(self, key): + del self.dict[_hkey(key)] + + def __getitem__(self, key): + return self.dict[_hkey(key)][-1] + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)] + + def append(self, key, value): + self.dict.setdefault(_hkey(key), []).append(_hval(value)) + + def replace(self, key, value): + self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [_hval(value)] + + def getall(self, key): + return self.dict.get(_hkey(key)) or [] + + def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1): + return MultiDict.get(self, _hkey(key), default, index) + + def filter(self, names): + for name in (_hkey(n) for n in names): + if name in self.dict: + del self.dict[name] + + +class WSGIHeaderDict(DictMixin): + """ This dict-like class wraps a WSGI environ dict and provides convenient + access to HTTP_* fields. Keys and values are native strings + (2.x bytes or 3.x unicode) and keys are case-insensitive. If the WSGI + environment contains non-native string values, these are de- or encoded + using a lossless 'latin1' character set. + + The API will remain stable even on changes to the relevant PEPs. + Currently PEP 333, 444 and 3333 are supported. (PEP 444 is the only one + that uses non-native strings.) + """ + #: List of keys that do not have a ``HTTP_`` prefix. + cgikeys = ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH') + + def __init__(self, environ): + self.environ = environ + + def _ekey(self, key): + """ Translate header field name to CGI/WSGI environ key. """ + key = key.replace('-', '_').upper() + if key in self.cgikeys: + return key + return 'HTTP_' + key + + def raw(self, key, default=None): + """ Return the header value as is (may be bytes or unicode). """ + return self.environ.get(self._ekey(key), default) + + def __getitem__(self, key): + val = self.environ[self._ekey(key)] + if py3k: + if isinstance(val, unicode): + val = val.encode('latin1').decode('utf8') + else: + val = val.decode('utf8') + return val + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__) + + def __delitem__(self, key): + raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__) + + def __iter__(self): + for key in self.environ: + if key[:5] == 'HTTP_': + yield _hkey(key[5:]) + elif key in self.cgikeys: + yield _hkey(key) + + def keys(self): + return [x for x in self] + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.keys()) + + def __contains__(self, key): + return self._ekey(key) in self.environ + +_UNSET = object() + +class ConfigDict(dict): + """ A dict-like configuration storage with additional support for + namespaces, validators, meta-data, overlays and more. + + This dict-like class is heavily optimized for read access. All read-only + methods as well as item access should be as fast as the built-in dict. + """ + + __slots__ = ('_meta', '_change_listener', '_overlays', '_virtual_keys', '_source', '__weakref__') + + def __init__(self): + self._meta = {} + self._change_listener = [] + #: Weak references of overlays that need to be kept in sync. + self._overlays = [] + #: Config that is the source for this overlay. + self._source = None + #: Keys of values copied from the source (values we do not own) + self._virtual_keys = set() + + def load_module(self, path, squash=True): + """Load values from a Python module. + + Example modue ``config.py``:: + + DEBUG = True + SQLITE = { + "db": ":memory:" + } + + + >>> c = ConfigDict() + >>> c.load_module('config') + {DEBUG: True, 'SQLITE.DB': 'memory'} + >>> c.load_module("config", False) + {'DEBUG': True, 'SQLITE': {'DB': 'memory'}} + + :param squash: If true (default), dictionary values are assumed to + represent namespaces (see :meth:`load_dict`). + """ + config_obj = load(path) + obj = {key: getattr(config_obj, key) for key in dir(config_obj) + if key.isupper()} + + if squash: + self.load_dict(obj) + else: + self.update(obj) + return self + + def load_config(self, filename, **options): + """ Load values from an ``*.ini`` style config file. + + A configuration file consists of sections, each led by a + ``[section]`` header, followed by key/value entries separated by + either ``=`` or ``:``. Section names and keys are case-insensitive. + Leading and trailing whitespace is removed from keys and values. + Values can be omitted, in which case the key/value delimiter may + also be left out. Values can also span multiple lines, as long as + they are indented deeper than the first line of the value. Commends + are prefixed by ``#`` or ``;`` and may only appear on their own on + an otherwise empty line. + + Both section and key names may contain dots (``.``) as namespace + separators. The actual configuration parameter name is constructed + by joining section name and key name together and converting to + lower case. + + The special sections ``bottle`` and ``ROOT`` refer to the root + namespace and the ``DEFAULT`` section defines default values for all + other sections. + + With Python 3, extended string interpolation is enabled. + + :param filename: The path of a config file, or a list of paths. + :param options: All keyword parameters are passed to the underlying + :class:`python:configparser.ConfigParser` constructor call. + + """ + options.setdefault('allow_no_value', True) + if py3k: + options.setdefault('interpolation', + configparser.ExtendedInterpolation()) + conf = configparser.ConfigParser(**options) + conf.read(filename) + for section in conf.sections(): + for key in conf.options(section): + value = conf.get(section, key) + if section not in ['bottle', 'ROOT']: + key = section + '.' + key + self[key.lower()] = value + return self + + def load_dict(self, source, namespace=''): + """ Load values from a dictionary structure. Nesting can be used to + represent namespaces. + + >>> c = ConfigDict() + >>> c.load_dict({'some': {'namespace': {'key': 'value'} } }) + {'some.namespace.key': 'value'} + """ + for key, value in source.items(): + if isinstance(key, basestring): + nskey = (namespace + '.' + key).strip('.') + if isinstance(value, dict): + self.load_dict(value, namespace=nskey) + else: + self[nskey] = value + else: + raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key)) + return self + + def update(self, *a, **ka): + """ If the first parameter is a string, all keys are prefixed with this + namespace. Apart from that it works just as the usual dict.update(). + + >>> c = ConfigDict() + >>> c.update('some.namespace', key='value') + """ + prefix = '' + if a and isinstance(a[0], basestring): + prefix = a[0].strip('.') + '.' + a = a[1:] + for key, value in dict(*a, **ka).items(): + self[prefix + key] = value + + def setdefault(self, key, value): + if key not in self: + self[key] = value + return self[key] + + def __setitem__(self, key, value): + if not isinstance(key, basestring): + raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key)) + + self._virtual_keys.discard(key) + + value = self.meta_get(key, 'filter', lambda x: x)(value) + if key in self and self[key] is value: + return + + self._on_change(key, value) + dict.__setitem__(self, key, value) + + for overlay in self._iter_overlays(): + overlay._set_virtual(key, value) + + def __delitem__(self, key): + if key not in self: + raise KeyError(key) + if key in self._virtual_keys: + raise KeyError("Virtual keys cannot be deleted: %s" % key) + + if self._source and key in self._source: + # Not virtual, but present in source -> Restore virtual value + dict.__delitem__(self, key) + self._set_virtual(key, self._source[key]) + else: # not virtual, not present in source. This is OUR value + self._on_change(key, None) + dict.__delitem__(self, key) + for overlay in self._iter_overlays(): + overlay._delete_virtual(key) + + def _set_virtual(self, key, value): + """ Recursively set or update virtual keys. Do nothing if non-virtual + value is present. """ + if key in self and key not in self._virtual_keys: + return # Do nothing for non-virtual keys. + + self._virtual_keys.add(key) + if key in self and self[key] is not value: + self._on_change(key, value) + dict.__setitem__(self, key, value) + for overlay in self._iter_overlays(): + overlay._set_virtual(key, value) + + def _delete_virtual(self, key): + """ Recursively delete virtual entry. Do nothing if key is not virtual. + """ + if key not in self._virtual_keys: + return # Do nothing for non-virtual keys. + + if key in self: + self._on_change(key, None) + dict.__delitem__(self, key) + self._virtual_keys.discard(key) + for overlay in self._iter_overlays(): + overlay._delete_virtual(key) + + def _on_change(self, key, value): + for cb in self._change_listener: + if cb(self, key, value): + return True + + def _add_change_listener(self, func): + self._change_listener.append(func) + return func + + def meta_get(self, key, metafield, default=None): + """ Return the value of a meta field for a key. """ + return self._meta.get(key, {}).get(metafield, default) + + def meta_set(self, key, metafield, value): + """ Set the meta field for a key to a new value. """ + self._meta.setdefault(key, {})[metafield] = value + + def meta_list(self, key): + """ Return an iterable of meta field names defined for a key. """ + return self._meta.get(key, {}).keys() + + def _define(self, key, default=_UNSET, help=_UNSET, validate=_UNSET): + """ (Unstable) Shortcut for plugins to define own config parameters. """ + if default is not _UNSET: + self.setdefault(key, default) + if help is not _UNSET: + self.meta_set(key, 'help', help) + if validate is not _UNSET: + self.meta_set(key, 'validate', validate) + + def _iter_overlays(self): + for ref in self._overlays: + overlay = ref() + if overlay is not None: + yield overlay + + def _make_overlay(self): + """ (Unstable) Create a new overlay that acts like a chained map: Values + missing in the overlay are copied from the source map. Both maps + share the same meta entries. + + Entries that were copied from the source are called 'virtual'. You + can not delete virtual keys, but overwrite them, which turns them + into non-virtual entries. Setting keys on an overlay never affects + its source, but may affect any number of child overlays. + + Other than collections.ChainMap or most other implementations, this + approach does not resolve missing keys on demand, but instead + actively copies all values from the source to the overlay and keeps + track of virtual and non-virtual keys internally. This removes any + lookup-overhead. Read-access is as fast as a build-in dict for both + virtual and non-virtual keys. + + Changes are propagated recursively and depth-first. A failing + on-change handler in an overlay stops the propagation of virtual + values and may result in an partly updated tree. Take extra care + here and make sure that on-change handlers never fail. + + Used by Route.config + """ + # Cleanup dead references + self._overlays[:] = [ref for ref in self._overlays if ref() is not None] + + overlay = ConfigDict() + overlay._meta = self._meta + overlay._source = self + self._overlays.append(weakref.ref(overlay)) + for key in self: + overlay._set_virtual(key, self[key]) + return overlay + + + + +class AppStack(list): + """ A stack-like list. Calling it returns the head of the stack. """ + + def __call__(self): + """ Return the current default application. """ + return self.default + + def push(self, value=None): + """ Add a new :class:`Bottle` instance to the stack """ + if not isinstance(value, Bottle): + value = Bottle() + self.append(value) + return value + new_app = push + + @property + def default(self): + try: + return self[-1] + except IndexError: + return self.push() + + +class WSGIFileWrapper(object): + def __init__(self, fp, buffer_size=1024 * 64): + self.fp, self.buffer_size = fp, buffer_size + for attr in ('fileno', 'close', 'read', 'readlines', 'tell', 'seek'): + if hasattr(fp, attr): setattr(self, attr, getattr(fp, attr)) + + def __iter__(self): + buff, read = self.buffer_size, self.read + while True: + part = read(buff) + if not part: return + yield part + + +class _closeiter(object): + """ This only exists to be able to attach a .close method to iterators that + do not support attribute assignment (most of itertools). """ + + def __init__(self, iterator, close=None): + self.iterator = iterator + self.close_callbacks = makelist(close) + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.iterator) + + def close(self): + for func in self.close_callbacks: + func() + + +class ResourceManager(object): + """ This class manages a list of search paths and helps to find and open + application-bound resources (files). + + :param base: default value for :meth:`add_path` calls. + :param opener: callable used to open resources. + :param cachemode: controls which lookups are cached. One of 'all', + 'found' or 'none'. + """ + + def __init__(self, base='./', opener=open, cachemode='all'): + self.opener = opener + self.base = base + self.cachemode = cachemode + + #: A list of search paths. See :meth:`add_path` for details. + self.path = [] + #: A cache for resolved paths. ``res.cache.clear()`` clears the cache. + self.cache = {} + + def add_path(self, path, base=None, index=None, create=False): + """ Add a new path to the list of search paths. Return False if the + path does not exist. + + :param path: The new search path. Relative paths are turned into + an absolute and normalized form. If the path looks like a file + (not ending in `/`), the filename is stripped off. + :param base: Path used to absolutize relative search paths. + Defaults to :attr:`base` which defaults to ``os.getcwd()``. + :param index: Position within the list of search paths. Defaults + to last index (appends to the list). + + The `base` parameter makes it easy to reference files installed + along with a python module or package:: + + res.add_path('./resources/', __file__) + """ + base = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(base or self.base)) + path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base, os.path.dirname(path))) + path += os.sep + if path in self.path: + self.path.remove(path) + if create and not os.path.isdir(path): + os.makedirs(path) + if index is None: + self.path.append(path) + else: + self.path.insert(index, path) + self.cache.clear() + return os.path.exists(path) + + def __iter__(self): + """ Iterate over all existing files in all registered paths. """ + search = self.path[:] + while search: + path = search.pop() + if not os.path.isdir(path): continue + for name in os.listdir(path): + full = os.path.join(path, name) + if os.path.isdir(full): search.append(full) + else: yield full + + def lookup(self, name): + """ Search for a resource and return an absolute file path, or `None`. + + The :attr:`path` list is searched in order. The first match is + returend. Symlinks are followed. The result is cached to speed up + future lookups. """ + if name not in self.cache or DEBUG: + for path in self.path: + fpath = os.path.join(path, name) + if os.path.isfile(fpath): + if self.cachemode in ('all', 'found'): + self.cache[name] = fpath + return fpath + if self.cachemode == 'all': + self.cache[name] = None + return self.cache[name] + + def open(self, name, mode='r', *args, **kwargs): + """ Find a resource and return a file object, or raise IOError. """ + fname = self.lookup(name) + if not fname: raise IOError("Resource %r not found." % name) + return self.opener(fname, mode=mode, *args, **kwargs) + + +class FileUpload(object): + def __init__(self, fileobj, name, filename, headers=None): + """ Wrapper for file uploads. """ + #: Open file(-like) object (BytesIO buffer or temporary file) + self.file = fileobj + #: Name of the upload form field + self.name = name + #: Raw filename as sent by the client (may contain unsafe characters) + self.raw_filename = filename + #: A :class:`HeaderDict` with additional headers (e.g. content-type) + self.headers = HeaderDict(headers) if headers else HeaderDict() + + content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type') + content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int, default=-1) + + def get_header(self, name, default=None): + """ Return the value of a header within the mulripart part. """ + return self.headers.get(name, default) + + @cached_property + def filename(self): + """ Name of the file on the client file system, but normalized to ensure + file system compatibility. An empty filename is returned as 'empty'. + + Only ASCII letters, digits, dashes, underscores and dots are + allowed in the final filename. Accents are removed, if possible. + Whitespace is replaced by a single dash. Leading or tailing dots + or dashes are removed. The filename is limited to 255 characters. + """ + fname = self.raw_filename + if not isinstance(fname, unicode): + fname = fname.decode('utf8', 'ignore') + fname = normalize('NFKD', fname) + fname = fname.encode('ASCII', 'ignore').decode('ASCII') + fname = os.path.basename(fname.replace('\\', os.path.sep)) + fname = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9-_.\s]', '', fname).strip() + fname = re.sub(r'[-\s]+', '-', fname).strip('.-') + return fname[:255] or 'empty' + + def _copy_file(self, fp, chunk_size=2 ** 16): + read, write, offset = self.file.read, fp.write, self.file.tell() + while 1: + buf = read(chunk_size) + if not buf: break + write(buf) + self.file.seek(offset) + + def save(self, destination, overwrite=False, chunk_size=2 ** 16): + """ Save file to disk or copy its content to an open file(-like) object. + If *destination* is a directory, :attr:`filename` is added to the + path. Existing files are not overwritten by default (IOError). + + :param destination: File path, directory or file(-like) object. + :param overwrite: If True, replace existing files. (default: False) + :param chunk_size: Bytes to read at a time. (default: 64kb) + """ + if isinstance(destination, basestring): # Except file-likes here + if os.path.isdir(destination): + destination = os.path.join(destination, self.filename) + if not overwrite and os.path.exists(destination): + raise IOError('File exists.') + with open(destination, 'wb') as fp: + self._copy_file(fp, chunk_size) + else: + self._copy_file(destination, chunk_size) + +############################################################################### +# Application Helper ########################################################### +############################################################################### + + +def abort(code=500, text='Unknown Error.'): + """ Aborts execution and causes a HTTP error. """ + raise HTTPError(code, text) + + +def redirect(url, code=None): + """ Aborts execution and causes a 303 or 302 redirect, depending on + the HTTP protocol version. """ + if not code: + code = 303 if request.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL') == "HTTP/1.1" else 302 + res = response.copy(cls=HTTPResponse) + res.status = code + res.body = "" + res.set_header('Location', urljoin(request.url, url)) + raise res + + +def _file_iter_range(fp, offset, bytes, maxread=1024 * 1024): + """ Yield chunks from a range in a file. No chunk is bigger than maxread.""" + fp.seek(offset) + while bytes > 0: + part = fp.read(min(bytes, maxread)) + if not part: break + bytes -= len(part) + yield part + + +def static_file(filename, root, + mimetype=True, + download=False, + charset='UTF-8', + etag=None): + """ Open a file in a safe way and return an instance of :exc:`HTTPResponse` + that can be sent back to the client. + + :param filename: Name or path of the file to send, relative to ``root``. + :param root: Root path for file lookups. Should be an absolute directory + path. + :param mimetype: Provide the content-type header (default: guess from + file extension) + :param download: If True, ask the browser to open a `Save as...` dialog + instead of opening the file with the associated program. You can + specify a custom filename as a string. If not specified, the + original filename is used (default: False). + :param charset: The charset for files with a ``text/*`` mime-type. + (default: UTF-8) + :param etag: Provide a pre-computed ETag header. If set to ``False``, + ETag handling is disabled. (default: auto-generate ETag header) + + While checking user input is always a good idea, this function provides + additional protection against malicious ``filename`` parameters from + breaking out of the ``root`` directory and leaking sensitive information + to an attacker. + + Read-protected files or files outside of the ``root`` directory are + answered with ``403 Access Denied``. Missing files result in a + ``404 Not Found`` response. Conditional requests (``If-Modified-Since``, + ``If-None-Match``) are answered with ``304 Not Modified`` whenever + possible. ``HEAD`` and ``Range`` requests (used by download managers to + check or continue partial downloads) are also handled automatically. + + """ + + root = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(root), '') + filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename.strip('/\\'))) + headers = dict() + + if not filename.startswith(root): + return HTTPError(403, "Access denied.") + if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.path.isfile(filename): + return HTTPError(404, "File does not exist.") + if not os.access(filename, os.R_OK): + return HTTPError(403, "You do not have permission to access this file.") + + if mimetype is True: + if download and download is not True: + mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(download) + else: + mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename) + if encoding: headers['Content-Encoding'] = encoding + + if mimetype: + if (mimetype[:5] == 'text/' or mimetype == 'application/javascript')\ + and charset and 'charset' not in mimetype: + mimetype += '; charset=%s' % charset + headers['Content-Type'] = mimetype + + if download: + download = os.path.basename(filename if download is True else download) + headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % download + + stats = os.stat(filename) + headers['Content-Length'] = clen = stats.st_size + lm = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime(stats.st_mtime)) + headers['Last-Modified'] = lm + headers['Date'] = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime()) + + getenv = request.environ.get + + if etag is None: + etag = '%d:%d:%d:%d:%s' % (stats.st_dev, stats.st_ino, stats.st_mtime, + clen, filename) + etag = hashlib.sha1(tob(etag)).hexdigest() + + if etag: + headers['ETag'] = etag + check = getenv('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH') + if check and check == etag: + return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers) + + ims = getenv('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE') + if ims: + ims = parse_date(ims.split(";")[0].strip()) + if ims is not None and ims >= int(stats.st_mtime): + return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers) + + body = '' if request.method == 'HEAD' else open(filename, 'rb') + + headers["Accept-Ranges"] = "bytes" + range_header = getenv('HTTP_RANGE') + if range_header: + ranges = list(parse_range_header(range_header, clen)) + if not ranges: + return HTTPError(416, "Requested Range Not Satisfiable") + offset, end = ranges[0] + headers["Content-Range"] = "bytes %d-%d/%d" % (offset, end - 1, clen) + headers["Content-Length"] = str(end - offset) + if body: body = _file_iter_range(body, offset, end - offset) + return HTTPResponse(body, status=206, **headers) + return HTTPResponse(body, **headers) + +############################################################################### +# HTTP Utilities and MISC (TODO) ############################################### +############################################################################### + + +def debug(mode=True): + """ Change the debug level. + There is only one debug level supported at the moment.""" + global DEBUG + if mode: warnings.simplefilter('default') + DEBUG = bool(mode) + + +def http_date(value): + if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)): + value = value.utctimetuple() + elif isinstance(value, (int, float)): + value = time.gmtime(value) + if not isinstance(value, basestring): + value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value) + return value + + +def parse_date(ims): + """ Parse rfc1123, rfc850 and asctime timestamps and return UTC epoch. """ + try: + ts = email.utils.parsedate_tz(ims) + return time.mktime(ts[:8] + (0, )) - (ts[9] or 0) - time.timezone + except (TypeError, ValueError, IndexError, OverflowError): + return None + + +def parse_auth(header): + """ Parse rfc2617 HTTP authentication header string (basic) and return (user,pass) tuple or None""" + try: + method, data = header.split(None, 1) + if method.lower() == 'basic': + user, pwd = touni(base64.b64decode(tob(data))).split(':', 1) + return user, pwd + except (KeyError, ValueError): + return None + + +def parse_range_header(header, maxlen=0): + """ Yield (start, end) ranges parsed from a HTTP Range header. Skip + unsatisfiable ranges. The end index is non-inclusive.""" + if not header or header[:6] != 'bytes=': return + ranges = [r.split('-', 1) for r in header[6:].split(',') if '-' in r] + for start, end in ranges: + try: + if not start: # bytes=-100 -> last 100 bytes + start, end = max(0, maxlen - int(end)), maxlen + elif not end: # bytes=100- -> all but the first 99 bytes + start, end = int(start), maxlen + else: # bytes=100-200 -> bytes 100-200 (inclusive) + start, end = int(start), min(int(end) + 1, maxlen) + if 0 <= start < end <= maxlen: + yield start, end + except ValueError: + pass + + +#: Header tokenizer used by _parse_http_header() +_hsplit = re.compile('(?:(?:"((?:[^"\\\\]+|\\\\.)*)")|([^;,=]+))([;,=]?)').findall + +def _parse_http_header(h): + """ Parses a typical multi-valued and parametrised HTTP header (e.g. Accept headers) and returns a list of values + and parameters. For non-standard or broken input, this implementation may return partial results. + :param h: A header string (e.g. ``text/html,text/plain;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8``) + :return: List of (value, params) tuples. The second element is a (possibly empty) dict. + """ + values = [] + if '"' not in h: # INFO: Fast path without regexp (~2x faster) + for value in h.split(','): + parts = value.split(';') + values.append((parts[0].strip(), {})) + for attr in parts[1:]: + name, value = attr.split('=', 1) + values[-1][1][name.strip()] = value.strip() + else: + lop, key, attrs = ',', None, {} + for quoted, plain, tok in _hsplit(h): + value = plain.strip() if plain else quoted.replace('\\"', '"') + if lop == ',': + attrs = {} + values.append((value, attrs)) + elif lop == ';': + if tok == '=': + key = value + else: + attrs[value] = '' + elif lop == '=' and key: + attrs[key] = value + key = None + lop = tok + return values + + +def _parse_qsl(qs): + r = [] + for pair in qs.replace(';', '&').split('&'): + if not pair: continue + nv = pair.split('=', 1) + if len(nv) != 2: nv.append('') + key = urlunquote(nv[0].replace('+', ' ')) + value = urlunquote(nv[1].replace('+', ' ')) + r.append((key, value)) + return r + + +def _lscmp(a, b): + """ Compares two strings in a cryptographically safe way: + Runtime is not affected by length of common prefix. """ + return not sum(0 if x == y else 1 + for x, y in zip(a, b)) and len(a) == len(b) + + +def cookie_encode(data, key, digestmod=None): + """ Encode and sign a pickle-able object. Return a (byte) string """ + depr(0, 13, "cookie_encode() will be removed soon.", + "Do not use this API directly.") + digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256 + msg = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data, -1)) + sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest()) + return tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + msg + + +def cookie_decode(data, key, digestmod=None): + """ Verify and decode an encoded string. Return an object or None.""" + depr(0, 13, "cookie_decode() will be removed soon.", + "Do not use this API directly.") + data = tob(data) + if cookie_is_encoded(data): + sig, msg = data.split(tob('?'), 1) + digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256 + hashed = hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest() + if _lscmp(sig[1:], base64.b64encode(hashed)): + return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg)) + return None + + +def cookie_is_encoded(data): + """ Return True if the argument looks like a encoded cookie.""" + depr(0, 13, "cookie_is_encoded() will be removed soon.", + "Do not use this API directly.") + return bool(data.startswith(tob('!')) and tob('?') in data) + + +def html_escape(string): + """ Escape HTML special characters ``&<>`` and quotes ``'"``. """ + return string.replace('&', '&').replace('<', '<').replace('>', '>')\ + .replace('"', '"').replace("'", ''') + + +def html_quote(string): + """ Escape and quote a string to be used as an HTTP attribute.""" + return '"%s"' % html_escape(string).replace('\n', ' ')\ + .replace('\r', ' ').replace('\t', ' ') + + +def yieldroutes(func): + """ Return a generator for routes that match the signature (name, args) + of the func parameter. This may yield more than one route if the function + takes optional keyword arguments. The output is best described by example:: + + a() -> '/a' + b(x, y) -> '/b//' + c(x, y=5) -> '/c/' and '/c//' + d(x=5, y=6) -> '/d' and '/d/' and '/d//' + """ + path = '/' + func.__name__.replace('__', '/').lstrip('/') + spec = getargspec(func) + argc = len(spec[0]) - len(spec[3] or []) + path += ('/<%s>' * argc) % tuple(spec[0][:argc]) + yield path + for arg in spec[0][argc:]: + path += '/<%s>' % arg + yield path + + +def path_shift(script_name, path_info, shift=1): + """ Shift path fragments from PATH_INFO to SCRIPT_NAME and vice versa. + + :return: The modified paths. + :param script_name: The SCRIPT_NAME path. + :param script_name: The PATH_INFO path. + :param shift: The number of path fragments to shift. May be negative to + change the shift direction. (default: 1) + """ + if shift == 0: return script_name, path_info + pathlist = path_info.strip('/').split('/') + scriptlist = script_name.strip('/').split('/') + if pathlist and pathlist[0] == '': pathlist = [] + if scriptlist and scriptlist[0] == '': scriptlist = [] + if 0 < shift <= len(pathlist): + moved = pathlist[:shift] + scriptlist = scriptlist + moved + pathlist = pathlist[shift:] + elif 0 > shift >= -len(scriptlist): + moved = scriptlist[shift:] + pathlist = moved + pathlist + scriptlist = scriptlist[:shift] + else: + empty = 'SCRIPT_NAME' if shift < 0 else 'PATH_INFO' + raise AssertionError("Cannot shift. Nothing left from %s" % empty) + new_script_name = '/' + '/'.join(scriptlist) + new_path_info = '/' + '/'.join(pathlist) + if path_info.endswith('/') and pathlist: new_path_info += '/' + return new_script_name, new_path_info + + +def auth_basic(check, realm="private", text="Access denied"): + """ Callback decorator to require HTTP auth (basic). + TODO: Add route(check_auth=...) parameter. """ + + def decorator(func): + + @functools.wraps(func) + def wrapper(*a, **ka): + user, password = request.auth or (None, None) + if user is None or not check(user, password): + err = HTTPError(401, text) + err.add_header('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="%s"' % realm) + return err + return func(*a, **ka) + + return wrapper + + return decorator + +# Shortcuts for common Bottle methods. +# They all refer to the current default application. + + +def make_default_app_wrapper(name): + """ Return a callable that relays calls to the current default app. """ + + @functools.wraps(getattr(Bottle, name)) + def wrapper(*a, **ka): + return getattr(app(), name)(*a, **ka) + + return wrapper + + +route = make_default_app_wrapper('route') +get = make_default_app_wrapper('get') +post = make_default_app_wrapper('post') +put = make_default_app_wrapper('put') +delete = make_default_app_wrapper('delete') +patch = make_default_app_wrapper('patch') +error = make_default_app_wrapper('error') +mount = make_default_app_wrapper('mount') +hook = make_default_app_wrapper('hook') +install = make_default_app_wrapper('install') +uninstall = make_default_app_wrapper('uninstall') +url = make_default_app_wrapper('get_url') + +############################################################################### +# Server Adapter ############################################################### +############################################################################### + +# Before you edit or add a server adapter, please read: +# - https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/pull/647#issuecomment-60152870 +# - https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/pull/865#issuecomment-242795341 + +class ServerAdapter(object): + quiet = False + + def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, **options): + self.options = options + self.host = host + self.port = int(port) + + def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover + pass + + def __repr__(self): + args = ', '.join(['%s=%s' % (k, repr(v)) + for k, v in self.options.items()]) + return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args) + + +class CGIServer(ServerAdapter): + quiet = True + + def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover + from wsgiref.handlers import CGIHandler + + def fixed_environ(environ, start_response): + environ.setdefault('PATH_INFO', '') + return handler(environ, start_response) + + CGIHandler().run(fixed_environ) + + +class FlupFCGIServer(ServerAdapter): + def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover + import flup.server.fcgi + self.options.setdefault('bindAddress', (self.host, self.port)) + flup.server.fcgi.WSGIServer(handler, **self.options).run() + + +class WSGIRefServer(ServerAdapter): + def run(self, app): # pragma: no cover + from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server + from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIRequestHandler, WSGIServer + import socket + + class FixedHandler(WSGIRequestHandler): + def address_string(self): # Prevent reverse DNS lookups please. + return self.client_address[0] + + def log_request(*args, **kw): + if not self.quiet: + return WSGIRequestHandler.log_request(*args, **kw) + + handler_cls = self.options.get('handler_class', FixedHandler) + server_cls = self.options.get('server_class', WSGIServer) + + if ':' in self.host: # Fix wsgiref for IPv6 addresses. + if getattr(server_cls, 'address_family') == socket.AF_INET: + + class server_cls(server_cls): + address_family = socket.AF_INET6 + + self.srv = make_server(self.host, self.port, app, server_cls, + handler_cls) + self.port = self.srv.server_port # update port actual port (0 means random) + try: + self.srv.serve_forever() + except KeyboardInterrupt: + self.srv.server_close() # Prevent ResourceWarning: unclosed socket + raise + + +class CherryPyServer(ServerAdapter): + def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover + from cherrypy import wsgiserver + self.options['bind_addr'] = (self.host, self.port) + self.options['wsgi_app'] = handler + + certfile = self.options.get('certfile') + if certfile: + del self.options['certfile'] + keyfile = self.options.get('keyfile') + if keyfile: + del self.options['keyfile'] + + server = wsgiserver.CherryPyWSGIServer(**self.options) + if certfile: + server.ssl_certificate = certfile + if keyfile: + server.ssl_private_key = keyfile + + try: + server.start() + finally: + server.stop() + + +class WaitressServer(ServerAdapter): + def run(self, handler): + from waitress import serve + serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port, _quiet=self.quiet, **self.options) + + +class PasteServer(ServerAdapter): + def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover + from paste import httpserver + from paste.translogger import TransLogger + handler = TransLogger(handler, setup_console_handler=(not self.quiet)) + httpserver.serve(handler, + host=self.host, + port=str(self.port), **self.options) + + +class MeinheldServer(ServerAdapter): + def run(self, handler): + from meinheld import server + server.listen((self.host, self.port)) + server.run(handler) + + +class FapwsServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Extremely fast webserver using libev. See http://www.fapws.org/ """ + + def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover + import fapws._evwsgi as evwsgi + from fapws import base, config + port = self.port + if float(config.SERVER_IDENT[-2:]) > 0.4: + # fapws3 silently changed its API in 0.5 + port = str(port) + evwsgi.start(self.host, port) + # fapws3 never releases the GIL. Complain upstream. I tried. No luck. + if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ and not self.quiet: + _stderr("WARNING: Auto-reloading does not work with Fapws3.\n") + _stderr(" (Fapws3 breaks python thread support)\n") + evwsgi.set_base_module(base) + + def app(environ, start_response): + environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False + return handler(environ, start_response) + + evwsgi.wsgi_cb(('', app)) + evwsgi.run() + + +class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter): + """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """ + + def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover + import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop + container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler) + server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container) + server.listen(port=self.port, address=self.host) + tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() + + +class AppEngineServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Adapter for Google App Engine. """ + quiet = True + + def run(self, handler): + depr(0, 13, "AppEngineServer no longer required", + "Configure your application directly in your app.yaml") + from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util + # A main() function in the handler script enables 'App Caching'. + # Lets makes sure it is there. This _really_ improves performance. + module = sys.modules.get('__main__') + if module and not hasattr(module, 'main'): + module.main = lambda: util.run_wsgi_app(handler) + util.run_wsgi_app(handler) + + +class TwistedServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Untested. """ + + def run(self, handler): + from twisted.web import server, wsgi + from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool + from twisted.internet import reactor + thread_pool = ThreadPool() + thread_pool.start() + reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('after', 'shutdown', thread_pool.stop) + factory = server.Site(wsgi.WSGIResource(reactor, thread_pool, handler)) + reactor.listenTCP(self.port, factory, interface=self.host) + if not reactor.running: + reactor.run() + + +class DieselServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Untested. """ + + def run(self, handler): + from diesel.protocols.wsgi import WSGIApplication + app = WSGIApplication(handler, port=self.port) + app.run() + + +class GeventServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Untested. Options: + + * See gevent.wsgi.WSGIServer() documentation for more options. + """ + + def run(self, handler): + from gevent import pywsgi, local + if not isinstance(threading.local(), local.local): + msg = "Bottle requires gevent.monkey.patch_all() (before import)" + raise RuntimeError(msg) + if self.quiet: + self.options['log'] = None + address = (self.host, self.port) + server = pywsgi.WSGIServer(address, handler, **self.options) + if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ: + import signal + signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: server.stop()) + server.serve_forever() + + +class GunicornServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Untested. See http://gunicorn.org/configure.html for options. """ + + def run(self, handler): + from gunicorn.app.base import Application + + config = {'bind': "%s:%d" % (self.host, int(self.port))} + config.update(self.options) + + class GunicornApplication(Application): + def init(self, parser, opts, args): + return config + + def load(self): + return handler + + GunicornApplication().run() + + +class EventletServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Untested. Options: + + * `backlog` adjust the eventlet backlog parameter which is the maximum + number of queued connections. Should be at least 1; the maximum + value is system-dependent. + * `family`: (default is 2) socket family, optional. See socket + documentation for available families. + """ + + def run(self, handler): + from eventlet import wsgi, listen, patcher + if not patcher.is_monkey_patched(os): + msg = "Bottle requires eventlet.monkey_patch() (before import)" + raise RuntimeError(msg) + socket_args = {} + for arg in ('backlog', 'family'): + try: + socket_args[arg] = self.options.pop(arg) + except KeyError: + pass + address = (self.host, self.port) + try: + wsgi.server(listen(address, **socket_args), handler, + log_output=(not self.quiet)) + except TypeError: + # Fallback, if we have old version of eventlet + wsgi.server(listen(address), handler) + + +class RocketServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Untested. """ + + def run(self, handler): + from rocket import Rocket + server = Rocket((self.host, self.port), 'wsgi', {'wsgi_app': handler}) + server.start() + + +class BjoernServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Fast server written in C: https://github.com/jonashaag/bjoern """ + + def run(self, handler): + from bjoern import run + run(handler, self.host, self.port) + +class AsyncioServerAdapter(ServerAdapter): + """ Extend ServerAdapter for adding custom event loop """ + def get_event_loop(self): + pass + +class AiohttpServer(AsyncioServerAdapter): + """ Untested. + aiohttp + https://pypi.python.org/pypi/aiohttp/ + """ + + def get_event_loop(self): + import asyncio + return asyncio.new_event_loop() + + def run(self, handler): + import asyncio + from aiohttp.wsgi import WSGIServerHttpProtocol + self.loop = self.get_event_loop() + asyncio.set_event_loop(self.loop) + + protocol_factory = lambda: WSGIServerHttpProtocol( + handler, + readpayload=True, + debug=(not self.quiet)) + self.loop.run_until_complete(self.loop.create_server(protocol_factory, + self.host, + self.port)) + + if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ: + import signal + signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: self.loop.stop()) + + try: + self.loop.run_forever() + except KeyboardInterrupt: + self.loop.stop() + +class AiohttpUVLoopServer(AiohttpServer): + """uvloop + https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop + """ + def get_event_loop(self): + import uvloop + return uvloop.new_event_loop() + +class AutoServer(ServerAdapter): + """ Untested. """ + adapters = [WaitressServer, PasteServer, TwistedServer, CherryPyServer, + WSGIRefServer] + + def run(self, handler): + for sa in self.adapters: + try: + return sa(self.host, self.port, **self.options).run(handler) + except ImportError: + pass + + +server_names = { + 'cgi': CGIServer, + 'flup': FlupFCGIServer, + 'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer, + 'waitress': WaitressServer, + 'cherrypy': CherryPyServer, + 'paste': PasteServer, + 'fapws3': FapwsServer, + 'tornado': TornadoServer, + 'gae': AppEngineServer, + 'twisted': TwistedServer, + 'diesel': DieselServer, + 'meinheld': MeinheldServer, + 'gunicorn': GunicornServer, + 'eventlet': EventletServer, + 'gevent': GeventServer, + 'rocket': RocketServer, + 'bjoern': BjoernServer, + 'aiohttp': AiohttpServer, + 'uvloop': AiohttpUVLoopServer, + 'auto': AutoServer, +} + +############################################################################### +# Application Control ########################################################## +############################################################################### + + +def load(target, **namespace): + """ Import a module or fetch an object from a module. + + * ``package.module`` returns `module` as a module object. + * ``pack.mod:name`` returns the module variable `name` from `pack.mod`. + * ``pack.mod:func()`` calls `pack.mod.func()` and returns the result. + + The last form accepts not only function calls, but any type of + expression. Keyword arguments passed to this function are available as + local variables. Example: ``import_string('re:compile(x)', x='[a-z]')`` + """ + module, target = target.split(":", 1) if ':' in target else (target, None) + if module not in sys.modules: __import__(module) + if not target: return sys.modules[module] + if target.isalnum(): return getattr(sys.modules[module], target) + package_name = module.split('.')[0] + namespace[package_name] = sys.modules[package_name] + return eval('%s.%s' % (module, target), namespace) + + +def load_app(target): + """ Load a bottle application from a module and make sure that the import + does not affect the current default application, but returns a separate + application object. See :func:`load` for the target parameter. """ + global NORUN + NORUN, nr_old = True, NORUN + tmp = default_app.push() # Create a new "default application" + try: + rv = load(target) # Import the target module + return rv if callable(rv) else tmp + finally: + default_app.remove(tmp) # Remove the temporary added default application + NORUN = nr_old + + +_debug = debug + + +def run(app=None, + server='wsgiref', + host='127.0.0.1', + port=8080, + interval=1, + reloader=False, + quiet=False, + plugins=None, + debug=None, + config=None, **kargs): + """ Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates. + + :param app: WSGI application or target string supported by + :func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`) + :param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys + for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass. + (default: `wsgiref`) + :param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on + all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1) + :param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root + privileges. (default: 8080) + :param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False) + :param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1) + :param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False) + :param options: Options passed to the server adapter. + """ + if NORUN: return + if reloader and not os.environ.get('BOTTLE_CHILD'): + import subprocess + lockfile = None + try: + fd, lockfile = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='bottle.', suffix='.lock') + os.close(fd) # We only need this file to exist. We never write to it + while os.path.exists(lockfile): + args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv + environ = os.environ.copy() + environ['BOTTLE_CHILD'] = 'true' + environ['BOTTLE_LOCKFILE'] = lockfile + p = subprocess.Popen(args, env=environ) + while p.poll() is None: # Busy wait... + os.utime(lockfile, None) # I am alive! + time.sleep(interval) + if p.poll() != 3: + if os.path.exists(lockfile): os.unlink(lockfile) + sys.exit(p.poll()) + except KeyboardInterrupt: + pass + finally: + if os.path.exists(lockfile): + os.unlink(lockfile) + return + + try: + if debug is not None: _debug(debug) + app = app or default_app() + if isinstance(app, basestring): + app = load_app(app) + if not callable(app): + raise ValueError("Application is not callable: %r" % app) + + for plugin in plugins or []: + if isinstance(plugin, basestring): + plugin = load(plugin) + app.install(plugin) + + if config: + app.config.update(config) + + if server in server_names: + server = server_names.get(server) + if isinstance(server, basestring): + server = load(server) + if isinstance(server, type): + server = server(host=host, port=port, **kargs) + if not isinstance(server, ServerAdapter): + raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported server: %r" % server) + + server.quiet = server.quiet or quiet + if not server.quiet: + _stderr("Bottle v%s server starting up (using %s)...\n" % + (__version__, repr(server))) + _stderr("Listening on http://%s:%d/\n" % + (server.host, server.port)) + _stderr("Hit Ctrl-C to quit.\n\n") + + if reloader: + lockfile = os.environ.get('BOTTLE_LOCKFILE') + bgcheck = FileCheckerThread(lockfile, interval) + with bgcheck: + server.run(app) + if bgcheck.status == 'reload': + sys.exit(3) + else: + server.run(app) + except KeyboardInterrupt: + pass + except (SystemExit, MemoryError): + raise + except: + if not reloader: raise + if not getattr(server, 'quiet', quiet): + print_exc() + time.sleep(interval) + sys.exit(3) + + +class FileCheckerThread(threading.Thread): + """ Interrupt main-thread as soon as a changed module file is detected, + the lockfile gets deleted or gets too old. """ + + def __init__(self, lockfile, interval): + threading.Thread.__init__(self) + self.daemon = True + self.lockfile, self.interval = lockfile, interval + #: Is one of 'reload', 'error' or 'exit' + self.status = None + + def run(self): + exists = os.path.exists + mtime = lambda p: os.stat(p).st_mtime + files = dict() + + for module in list(sys.modules.values()): + path = getattr(module, '__file__', '') + if path[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'): path = path[:-1] + if path and exists(path): files[path] = mtime(path) + + while not self.status: + if not exists(self.lockfile)\ + or mtime(self.lockfile) < time.time() - self.interval - 5: + self.status = 'error' + thread.interrupt_main() + for path, lmtime in list(files.items()): + if not exists(path) or mtime(path) > lmtime: + self.status = 'reload' + thread.interrupt_main() + break + time.sleep(self.interval) + + def __enter__(self): + self.start() + + def __exit__(self, exc_type, *_): + if not self.status: self.status = 'exit' # silent exit + self.join() + return exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, KeyboardInterrupt) + +############################################################################### +# Template Adapters ############################################################ +############################################################################### + + +class TemplateError(BottleException): + pass + + +class BaseTemplate(object): + """ Base class and minimal API for template adapters """ + extensions = ['tpl', 'html', 'thtml', 'stpl'] + settings = {} #used in prepare() + defaults = {} #used in render() + + def __init__(self, + source=None, + name=None, + lookup=None, + encoding='utf8', **settings): + """ Create a new template. + If the source parameter (str or buffer) is missing, the name argument + is used to guess a template filename. Subclasses can assume that + self.source and/or self.filename are set. Both are strings. + The lookup, encoding and settings parameters are stored as instance + variables. + The lookup parameter stores a list containing directory paths. + The encoding parameter should be used to decode byte strings or files. + The settings parameter contains a dict for engine-specific settings. + """ + self.name = name + self.source = source.read() if hasattr(source, 'read') else source + self.filename = source.filename if hasattr(source, 'filename') else None + self.lookup = [os.path.abspath(x) for x in lookup] if lookup else [] + self.encoding = encoding + self.settings = self.settings.copy() # Copy from class variable + self.settings.update(settings) # Apply + if not self.source and self.name: + self.filename = self.search(self.name, self.lookup) + if not self.filename: + raise TemplateError('Template %s not found.' % repr(name)) + if not self.source and not self.filename: + raise TemplateError('No template specified.') + self.prepare(**self.settings) + + @classmethod + def search(cls, name, lookup=None): + """ Search name in all directories specified in lookup. + First without, then with common extensions. Return first hit. """ + if not lookup: + raise depr(0, 12, "Empty template lookup path.", "Configure a template lookup path.") + + if os.path.isabs(name): + raise depr(0, 12, "Use of absolute path for template name.", + "Refer to templates with names or paths relative to the lookup path.") + + for spath in lookup: + spath = os.path.abspath(spath) + os.sep + fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(spath, name)) + if not fname.startswith(spath): continue + if os.path.isfile(fname): return fname + for ext in cls.extensions: + if os.path.isfile('%s.%s' % (fname, ext)): + return '%s.%s' % (fname, ext) + + @classmethod + def global_config(cls, key, *args): + """ This reads or sets the global settings stored in class.settings. """ + if args: + cls.settings = cls.settings.copy() # Make settings local to class + cls.settings[key] = args[0] + else: + return cls.settings[key] + + def prepare(self, **options): + """ Run preparations (parsing, caching, ...). + It should be possible to call this again to refresh a template or to + update settings. + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + def render(self, *args, **kwargs): + """ Render the template with the specified local variables and return + a single byte or unicode string. If it is a byte string, the encoding + must match self.encoding. This method must be thread-safe! + Local variables may be provided in dictionaries (args) + or directly, as keywords (kwargs). + """ + raise NotImplementedError + + +class MakoTemplate(BaseTemplate): + def prepare(self, **options): + from mako.template import Template + from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup + options.update({'input_encoding': self.encoding}) + options.setdefault('format_exceptions', bool(DEBUG)) + lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.lookup, **options) + if self.source: + self.tpl = Template(self.source, lookup=lookup, **options) + else: + self.tpl = Template(uri=self.name, + filename=self.filename, + lookup=lookup, **options) + + def render(self, *args, **kwargs): + for dictarg in args: + kwargs.update(dictarg) + _defaults = self.defaults.copy() + _defaults.update(kwargs) + return self.tpl.render(**_defaults) + + +class CheetahTemplate(BaseTemplate): + def prepare(self, **options): + from Cheetah.Template import Template + self.context = threading.local() + self.context.vars = {} + options['searchList'] = [self.context.vars] + if self.source: + self.tpl = Template(source=self.source, **options) + else: + self.tpl = Template(file=self.filename, **options) + + def render(self, *args, **kwargs): + for dictarg in args: + kwargs.update(dictarg) + self.context.vars.update(self.defaults) + self.context.vars.update(kwargs) + out = str(self.tpl) + self.context.vars.clear() + return out + + +class Jinja2Template(BaseTemplate): + def prepare(self, filters=None, tests=None, globals={}, **kwargs): + from jinja2 import Environment, FunctionLoader + self.env = Environment(loader=FunctionLoader(self.loader), **kwargs) + if filters: self.env.filters.update(filters) + if tests: self.env.tests.update(tests) + if globals: self.env.globals.update(globals) + if self.source: + self.tpl = self.env.from_string(self.source) + else: + self.tpl = self.env.get_template(self.name) + + def render(self, *args, **kwargs): + for dictarg in args: + kwargs.update(dictarg) + _defaults = self.defaults.copy() + _defaults.update(kwargs) + return self.tpl.render(**_defaults) + + def loader(self, name): + if name == self.filename: + fname = name + else: + fname = self.search(name, self.lookup) + if not fname: return + with open(fname, "rb") as f: + return (f.read().decode(self.encoding), fname, lambda: False) + + +class SimpleTemplate(BaseTemplate): + def prepare(self, + escape_func=html_escape, + noescape=False, + syntax=None, **ka): + self.cache = {} + enc = self.encoding + self._str = lambda x: touni(x, enc) + self._escape = lambda x: escape_func(touni(x, enc)) + self.syntax = syntax + if noescape: + self._str, self._escape = self._escape, self._str + + @cached_property + def co(self): + return compile(self.code, self.filename or '', 'exec') + + @cached_property + def code(self): + source = self.source + if not source: + with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f: + source = f.read() + try: + source, encoding = touni(source), 'utf8' + except UnicodeError: + raise depr(0, 11, 'Unsupported template encodings.', 'Use utf-8 for templates.') + parser = StplParser(source, encoding=encoding, syntax=self.syntax) + code = parser.translate() + self.encoding = parser.encoding + return code + + def _rebase(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs): + _env['_rebase'] = (_name, kwargs) + + def _include(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs): + env = _env.copy() + env.update(kwargs) + if _name not in self.cache: + self.cache[_name] = self.__class__(name=_name, lookup=self.lookup, syntax=self.syntax) + return self.cache[_name].execute(env['_stdout'], env) + + def execute(self, _stdout, kwargs): + env = self.defaults.copy() + env.update(kwargs) + env.update({ + '_stdout': _stdout, + '_printlist': _stdout.extend, + 'include': functools.partial(self._include, env), + 'rebase': functools.partial(self._rebase, env), + '_rebase': None, + '_str': self._str, + '_escape': self._escape, + 'get': env.get, + 'setdefault': env.setdefault, + 'defined': env.__contains__ + }) + exec(self.co, env) + if env.get('_rebase'): + subtpl, rargs = env.pop('_rebase') + rargs['base'] = ''.join(_stdout) #copy stdout + del _stdout[:] # clear stdout + return self._include(env, subtpl, **rargs) + return env + + def render(self, *args, **kwargs): + """ Render the template using keyword arguments as local variables. """ + env = {} + stdout = [] + for dictarg in args: + env.update(dictarg) + env.update(kwargs) + self.execute(stdout, env) + return ''.join(stdout) + + +class StplSyntaxError(TemplateError): + + pass + + +class StplParser(object): + """ Parser for stpl templates. """ + _re_cache = {} #: Cache for compiled re patterns + + # This huge pile of voodoo magic splits python code into 8 different tokens. + # We use the verbose (?x) regex mode to make this more manageable + + _re_tok = _re_inl = r'''((?mx) # verbose and dot-matches-newline mode + [urbURB]* + (?: ''(?!') + |""(?!") + |'{6} + |"{6} + |'(?:[^\\']|\\.)+?' + |"(?:[^\\"]|\\.)+?" + |'{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?'{3} + |"{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?"{3} + ) + )''' + + _re_inl = _re_tok.replace(r'|\n', '') # We re-use this string pattern later + + _re_tok += r''' + # 2: Comments (until end of line, but not the newline itself) + |(\#.*) + + # 3: Open and close (4) grouping tokens + |([\[\{\(]) + |([\]\}\)]) + + # 5,6: Keywords that start or continue a python block (only start of line) + |^([\ \t]*(?:if|for|while|with|try|def|class)\b) + |^([\ \t]*(?:elif|else|except|finally)\b) + + # 7: Our special 'end' keyword (but only if it stands alone) + |((?:^|;)[\ \t]*end[\ \t]*(?=(?:%(block_close)s[\ \t]*)?\r?$|;|\#)) + + # 8: A customizable end-of-code-block template token (only end of line) + |(%(block_close)s[\ \t]*(?=\r?$)) + + # 9: And finally, a single newline. The 10th token is 'everything else' + |(\r?\n) + ''' + + # Match the start tokens of code areas in a template + _re_split = r'''(?m)^[ \t]*(\\?)((%(line_start)s)|(%(block_start)s))''' + # Match inline statements (may contain python strings) + _re_inl = r'''%%(inline_start)s((?:%s|[^'"\n]+?)*?)%%(inline_end)s''' % _re_inl + + default_syntax = '<% %> % {{ }}' + + def __init__(self, source, syntax=None, encoding='utf8'): + self.source, self.encoding = touni(source, encoding), encoding + self.set_syntax(syntax or self.default_syntax) + self.code_buffer, self.text_buffer = [], [] + self.lineno, self.offset = 1, 0 + self.indent, self.indent_mod = 0, 0 + self.paren_depth = 0 + + def get_syntax(self): + """ Tokens as a space separated string (default: <% %> % {{ }}) """ + return self._syntax + + def set_syntax(self, syntax): + self._syntax = syntax + self._tokens = syntax.split() + if syntax not in self._re_cache: + names = 'block_start block_close line_start inline_start inline_end' + etokens = map(re.escape, self._tokens) + pattern_vars = dict(zip(names.split(), etokens)) + patterns = (self._re_split, self._re_tok, self._re_inl) + patterns = [re.compile(p % pattern_vars) for p in patterns] + self._re_cache[syntax] = patterns + self.re_split, self.re_tok, self.re_inl = self._re_cache[syntax] + + syntax = property(get_syntax, set_syntax) + + def translate(self): + if self.offset: raise RuntimeError('Parser is a one time instance.') + while True: + m = self.re_split.search(self.source, pos=self.offset) + if m: + text = self.source[self.offset:m.start()] + self.text_buffer.append(text) + self.offset = m.end() + if m.group(1): # Escape syntax + line, sep, _ = self.source[self.offset:].partition('\n') + self.text_buffer.append(self.source[m.start():m.start(1)] + + m.group(2) + line + sep) + self.offset += len(line + sep) + continue + self.flush_text() + self.offset += self.read_code(self.source[self.offset:], + multiline=bool(m.group(4))) + else: + break + self.text_buffer.append(self.source[self.offset:]) + self.flush_text() + return ''.join(self.code_buffer) + + def read_code(self, pysource, multiline): + code_line, comment = '', '' + offset = 0 + while True: + m = self.re_tok.search(pysource, pos=offset) + if not m: + code_line += pysource[offset:] + offset = len(pysource) + self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment) + break + code_line += pysource[offset:m.start()] + offset = m.end() + _str, _com, _po, _pc, _blk1, _blk2, _end, _cend, _nl = m.groups() + if self.paren_depth > 0 and (_blk1 or _blk2): # a if b else c + code_line += _blk1 or _blk2 + continue + if _str: # Python string + code_line += _str + elif _com: # Python comment (up to EOL) + comment = _com + if multiline and _com.strip().endswith(self._tokens[1]): + multiline = False # Allow end-of-block in comments + elif _po: # open parenthesis + self.paren_depth += 1 + code_line += _po + elif _pc: # close parenthesis + if self.paren_depth > 0: + # we could check for matching parentheses here, but it's + # easier to leave that to python - just check counts + self.paren_depth -= 1 + code_line += _pc + elif _blk1: # Start-block keyword (if/for/while/def/try/...) + code_line, self.indent_mod = _blk1, -1 + self.indent += 1 + elif _blk2: # Continue-block keyword (else/elif/except/...) + code_line, self.indent_mod = _blk2, -1 + elif _end: # The non-standard 'end'-keyword (ends a block) + self.indent -= 1 + elif _cend: # The end-code-block template token (usually '%>') + if multiline: multiline = False + else: code_line += _cend + else: # \n + self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment) + self.lineno += 1 + code_line, comment, self.indent_mod = '', '', 0 + if not multiline: + break + + return offset + + def flush_text(self): + text = ''.join(self.text_buffer) + del self.text_buffer[:] + if not text: return + parts, pos, nl = [], 0, '\\\n' + ' ' * self.indent + for m in self.re_inl.finditer(text): + prefix, pos = text[pos:m.start()], m.end() + if prefix: + parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, prefix.splitlines(True)))) + if prefix.endswith('\n'): parts[-1] += nl + parts.append(self.process_inline(m.group(1).strip())) + if pos < len(text): + prefix = text[pos:] + lines = prefix.splitlines(True) + if lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-3] + elif lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\r\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-4] + parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, lines))) + code = '_printlist((%s,))' % ', '.join(parts) + self.lineno += code.count('\n') + 1 + self.write_code(code) + + @staticmethod + def process_inline(chunk): + if chunk[0] == '!': return '_str(%s)' % chunk[1:] + return '_escape(%s)' % chunk + + def write_code(self, line, comment=''): + code = ' ' * (self.indent + self.indent_mod) + code += line.lstrip() + comment + '\n' + self.code_buffer.append(code) + + +def template(*args, **kwargs): + """ + Get a rendered template as a string iterator. + You can use a name, a filename or a template string as first parameter. + Template rendering arguments can be passed as dictionaries + or directly (as keyword arguments). + """ + tpl = args[0] if args else None + for dictarg in args[1:]: + kwargs.update(dictarg) + adapter = kwargs.pop('template_adapter', SimpleTemplate) + lookup = kwargs.pop('template_lookup', TEMPLATE_PATH) + tplid = (id(lookup), tpl) + if tplid not in TEMPLATES or DEBUG: + settings = kwargs.pop('template_settings', {}) + if isinstance(tpl, adapter): + TEMPLATES[tplid] = tpl + if settings: TEMPLATES[tplid].prepare(**settings) + elif "\n" in tpl or "{" in tpl or "%" in tpl or '$' in tpl: + TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(source=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings) + else: + TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(name=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings) + if not TEMPLATES[tplid]: + abort(500, 'Template (%s) not found' % tpl) + return TEMPLATES[tplid].render(kwargs) + + +mako_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=MakoTemplate) +cheetah_template = functools.partial(template, + template_adapter=CheetahTemplate) +jinja2_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=Jinja2Template) + + +def view(tpl_name, **defaults): + """ Decorator: renders a template for a handler. + The handler can control its behavior like that: + + - return a dict of template vars to fill out the template + - return something other than a dict and the view decorator will not + process the template, but return the handler result as is. + This includes returning a HTTPResponse(dict) to get, + for instance, JSON with autojson or other castfilters. + """ + + def decorator(func): + + @functools.wraps(func) + def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): + result = func(*args, **kwargs) + if isinstance(result, (dict, DictMixin)): + tplvars = defaults.copy() + tplvars.update(result) + return template(tpl_name, **tplvars) + elif result is None: + return template(tpl_name, defaults) + return result + + return wrapper + + return decorator + + +mako_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=MakoTemplate) +cheetah_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate) +jinja2_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=Jinja2Template) + +############################################################################### +# Constants and Globals ######################################################## +############################################################################### + +TEMPLATE_PATH = ['./', './views/'] +TEMPLATES = {} +DEBUG = False +NORUN = False # If set, run() does nothing. Used by load_app() + +#: A dict to map HTTP status codes (e.g. 404) to phrases (e.g. 'Not Found') +HTTP_CODES = httplib.responses.copy() +HTTP_CODES[418] = "I'm a teapot" # RFC 2324 +HTTP_CODES[428] = "Precondition Required" +HTTP_CODES[429] = "Too Many Requests" +HTTP_CODES[431] = "Request Header Fields Too Large" +HTTP_CODES[511] = "Network Authentication Required" +_HTTP_STATUS_LINES = dict((k, '%d %s' % (k, v)) + for (k, v) in HTTP_CODES.items()) + +#: The default template used for error pages. Override with @error() +ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """ +%%try: + %%from %s import DEBUG, request + + + + Error: {{e.status}} + + + +

Error: {{e.status}}

+

Sorry, the requested URL {{repr(request.url)}} + caused an error:

+ 
{{e.body}}
+ %%if DEBUG and e.exception: +

Exception:

+ %%try: + %%exc = repr(e.exception) + %%except: + %%exc = '' %% type(e.exception).__name__ + %%end + 
{{exc}}
+ %%end + %%if DEBUG and e.traceback: +

Traceback:

+ 
{{e.traceback}}
+ %%end + + +%%except ImportError: + ImportError: Could not generate the error page. Please add bottle to + the import path. +%%end +""" % __name__ + +#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalRequest`. If accessed from within a +#: request callback, this instance always refers to the *current* request +#: (even on a multi-threaded server). +request = LocalRequest() + +#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalResponse`. It is used to change the +#: HTTP response for the *current* request. +response = LocalResponse() + +#: A thread-safe namespace. Not used by Bottle. +local = threading.local() + +# Initialize app stack (create first empty Bottle app now deferred until needed) +# BC: 0.6.4 and needed for run() +apps = app = default_app = AppStack() + +#: A virtual package that redirects import statements. +#: Example: ``import bottle.ext.sqlite`` actually imports `bottle_sqlite`. +ext = _ImportRedirect('bottle.ext' if __name__ == '__main__' else + __name__ + ".ext", 'bottle_%s').module + + +def _main(argv): # pragma: no coverage + args, parser = _cli_parse(argv) + + def _cli_error(cli_msg): + parser.print_help() + _stderr('\nError: %s\n' % cli_msg) + sys.exit(1) + + if args.version: + _stdout('Bottle %s\n' % __version__) + sys.exit(0) + if not args.app: + _cli_error("No application entry point specified.") + + sys.path.insert(0, '.') + sys.modules.setdefault('bottle', sys.modules['__main__']) + + host, port = (args.bind or 'localhost'), 8080 + if ':' in host and host.rfind(']') < host.rfind(':'): + host, port = host.rsplit(':', 1) + host = host.strip('[]') + + config = ConfigDict() + + for cfile in args.conf or []: + try: + if cfile.endswith('.json'): + with open(cfile, 'rb') as fp: + config.load_dict(json_loads(fp.read())) + else: + config.load_config(cfile) + except configparser.Error as parse_error: + _cli_error(parse_error) + except IOError: + _cli_error("Unable to read config file %r" % cfile) + except (UnicodeError, TypeError, ValueError) as error: + _cli_error("Unable to parse config file %r: %s" % (cfile, error)) + + for cval in args.param or []: + if '=' in cval: + config.update((cval.split('=', 1),)) + else: + config[cval] = True + + run(args.app, + host=host, + port=int(port), + server=args.server, + reloader=args.reload, + plugins=args.plugin, + debug=args.debug, + config=config) + + +if __name__ == '__main__': # pragma: no coverage + _main(sys.argv)